Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of electronic communication is considered 'ephemeral'?
What type of electronic communication is considered 'ephemeral'?
What type of photography relies on infrared light to capture images that are invisible to the naked eye?
What type of photography relies on infrared light to capture images that are invisible to the naked eye?
Which photographic technique is most commonly used for creating detailed images of extremely small objects?
Which photographic technique is most commonly used for creating detailed images of extremely small objects?
What is the primary purpose of Mug Shot Photography in police work?
What is the primary purpose of Mug Shot Photography in police work?
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Which of these is NOT a basic requirement for a photograph to be admitted as evidence in court?
Which of these is NOT a basic requirement for a photograph to be admitted as evidence in court?
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What is the main purpose of evidence photography at a crime scene?
What is the main purpose of evidence photography at a crime scene?
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What type of photography involves capturing images from a high vantage point, typically from an aircraft?
What type of photography involves capturing images from a high vantage point, typically from an aircraft?
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Which photographic technique allows for the visualization of internal structures of the body?
Which photographic technique allows for the visualization of internal structures of the body?
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In the context of crime scene photography, what is the importance of a photograph being 'accurate representations'?
In the context of crime scene photography, what is the importance of a photograph being 'accurate representations'?
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What is the primary requirement for producing a photograph?
What is the primary requirement for producing a photograph?
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What occurs to the sensitized material in a camera when it is exposed to light?
What occurs to the sensitized material in a camera when it is exposed to light?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the primary uses of photography in police work?
Which of the following is NOT one of the primary uses of photography in police work?
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How does the amount of light affect the resulting opacity of the sensitized material after development?
How does the amount of light affect the resulting opacity of the sensitized material after development?
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What is a key purpose of forensic photography in the context of law enforcement?
What is a key purpose of forensic photography in the context of law enforcement?
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What is the result of too little light exposure on sensitized material?
What is the result of too little light exposure on sensitized material?
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How can forensic photography assist investigators several months after a crime?
How can forensic photography assist investigators several months after a crime?
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What aids in excluding unwanted light during the photography process?
What aids in excluding unwanted light during the photography process?
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Flashcards
Ephemeral Electronic Communication
Ephemeral Electronic Communication
Forms of communication not recorded or retained, like calls or texts.
Admissibility of Audio and Video Evidence
Admissibility of Audio and Video Evidence
Audio and video evidence must be shown and authenticated in court.
Elements of Photography
Elements of Photography
Key components needed for photography: images, sensitized material, light, camera, and chemical.
Light
Light
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Optics
Optics
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Visible Spectrum
Visible Spectrum
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Prism Effect
Prism Effect
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Crime Scene Photography
Crime Scene Photography
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Macro Photography
Macro Photography
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Micro Photography
Micro Photography
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Ultra Violet Photography
Ultra Violet Photography
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X-Ray Photography
X-Ray Photography
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Aerial Photography
Aerial Photography
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Mug Shot Photography
Mug Shot Photography
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Evidence Photography
Evidence Photography
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Photography
Photography
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Sensitized Material
Sensitized Material
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Camera
Camera
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Development Process
Development Process
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Opaque Shade
Opaque Shade
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Forensic Photography
Forensic Photography
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Pictorial Record
Pictorial Record
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Police Photography Objectives
Police Photography Objectives
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Study Notes
Principles of Photography
- Photography is the mechanical and chemical outcome of the photographic process.
- Light is needed to produce a photograph, apart from sensitized materials.
- Light reflected or emitted from a subject must reach the sensitized materials, while all other light must be excluded.
- The exclusion of unwanted light is achieved by placing the sensitized material within a camera.
Police Photography
- This is the study of photography principles, photographic evidence preparation, and its application in law enforcement.
- Four uses for photographic evidence in police work are identification, discovering/recording/preserving evidence, presenting evidence in court, and training/public relations for police programs.
Objectives of Police Photography
- A pictorial record of the crime scene is produced.
- Police officers' memory of the crime scene is accurately documented.
- Confessions, disposition, and case information are secured.
Importance of Forensic Photography
- Minute details of the crime scene are presented.
- A permanent record of the crime scene is created.
- Investigators can accurately describe the crime scene months later.
- Crime solving is aided by forensic photography.
Forensic Photography
- Forensic photography is the science dealing with photographic methods, techniques, and their application in law enforcement work, for purposes of court presentation.
- This includes photographing crime scenes, and other objects for court presentation.
Macro Photography
- Macro photography involves photographing objects in greater details, ranging from 1:1 ratio up to nine times magnified.
- It includes photographing objects that appear greatly enlarged on a negative and magnified from one to nine times.
Micro Photography
- This involves magnifying minute objects using microscopes.
- Magnification is typically ten times or more.
Ultra Violet Photography
- Ultraviolet photography involves photographing objects invisible to the naked eye using ultraviolet rays and filters.
Infrared Photography
- Infrared photography involves photographing objects using infrared light, which are not visible to the naked eye.
X-ray Photography
- X-ray photography involves photographing the internal structures of bodies, not directly visible to the naked eye.
Aerial Photography
- This is photography applied to photo mapping, from aerial perspective.
Underwater Photography
- Underwater photography involves photographing objects that are submerged beneath water.
Flash Photography
- This technique for photography employs illumination from one or more photograph.
Mug Shot Photography
- This is used to take pictures of suspects in full length, half body, and side views.
- Mug shot photography acts as a method of initial personal identification in police work
Evidence Photography
- Valuable evidence objects or items are found at a crime scene, requiring specific photographic methods.
- Individual objects can be photographed and are photographed in relation to other objects to be photographed at specific locations.
- Examples of this evidence are tools, weapons, clothing, contraband items.
Purpose of Photographing Physical Evidence
- A permanent record is created of the original appearance of objects/evidence
- Photographs can replace the physical evidence to substantiate case reports.
- Handling of evidence is minimized to prevent deterioration or alteration of the evidence.
- Photographs are prioritized to document items that cannot be moved, change over time, or are damaged by handling.
Basic Requirements of a Photograph as Evidence in Court
- Accurate representations
- Free of distortions
- Material and relevant
- Unbiased
Rules on Electronic Evidence
- "Ephemeral electronic communication" refers to conversations, messages, videos, chats, or any other electronic forms of communication that are not recorded or retained.
Procedure of Taking Photographs at the Crime Scene
- General view/long range view
- Medium view/mid-range view
- Close-up shot
- Extreme close-up shot
Legal Foundation of Photographic Evidence
- Legal frameworks govern acceptance of photographic evidence in court.
Elements of Photography
- Images/subjects
- Sensitized materials
- Light
- Camera
- Chemical processes
Light
- Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation.
- Visible light is the electromagnetic radiation that humans can perceive.
Optics
- Optics is the science of the interaction of light and matter, and how the human eye works.
- It covers optical phenomena such as rainbows and the aurora borealis.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
- The electromagnetic spectrum shows the entire range of radiant energy, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, x-rays, and gamma rays.
- Visible light makes up a small fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum but is crucial to the human eye.
- Colors in the spectrum are separated due to different wavelengths and speeds when passing through a prism or in a rainbow.
Visible Spectrum
- The visible spectrum is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum visible to the human eye.
- It ranges from 400-700 nm wavelengths.
- Sunlight is a mix of all colors.
- Visible light can be divided into primary colors (red, green, blue) and complementary colors (cyan, magenta, yellow).
- Additive color mixing uses the primary colors to form white light, while subtractive color mixing uses complementary colors to create different colors.
Color Mixing
- Additive color mixture combines primary colors to create new colors.
- Subtractive color mixture combines complementary colors and subtracts certain colors from white light
Color Temperature
- Color temperature is a way to measure the color of light.
- It measures how much it glows when heated, expressed in degrees Kelvin.
Sources of Light
- Natural light: Sunlight, stars, lightning, fire, and aurora borealis
- Artificial light: Electronic flash, photoflood lamps, fluorescent lamps, infrared lamps, and ultraviolet lamps
Mediums of Light
- Transparent mediums allow most light to pass through.
- Translucent mediums allow some light to pass through, but not clearly.
- Opaque mediums do not allow light to pass through.
Ways light can interact with matter
- Light can be reflected, transmitted, or absorbed.
Reflection of light
- Reflection is the rebounding or deflection of light.
- Regular reflection occurs when light hits a smooth surface; specular, it reflects at the same angle.
- Diffuse reflection occurs when light hits a rough surface, the light is reflected in more than one direction
Absorption of light
- Absorption occurs when light strikes a medium and is not reflected or transmitted; a certain degree of absorption takes place when light hits an object.
- Opaque materials absorb most light which prevents it from passing through.
Transmission of Light
- Transmission is when light passes through a medium.
- Transparent mediums allow light to pass through and the objects can be seen clearly.
- Translucent mediums transmit some light but not clearly, outlines of objects are not clearly visible.
Refraction of light
- Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one transparent material to another.
- Variations of density in the material causes the change of direction of the light.
Dispersion of Light
- The speed of light in a medium depends on its wavelength.
- Shorter wavelengths are slowed more than longer wavelengths when entering a denser medium.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various photography techniques used in crime scene investigations. This quiz covers topics such as evidence photography, ephemeral communication, and specialized photographic methods like infrared imaging. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand the role of photography in law enforcement.
