Biochemistry LE 2: Carbohydrates in Everyday Life

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What is the result of oxidizing the aldehyde group of G3P?

Formation of a carboxylic acid

Addition of Pi to G3P

Removal of hydride from G3P

Formation of a carboxylic acid anhydride with phosphoric acid (correct)

What is the product of the reaction where G3P is oxidized and phosphorylated?

1,3-BPG and NAD+

G3P and ADP

1,3-BPG and NADH (correct)

G3P and ATP

What is the rate-limiting enzyme of the oxidation and phosphorylation of G3P?

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Phosphoglycerate mutase

Dehydrogenase (correct)

Phosphoglycerate kinase

What is the substrate of the substrate-level phosphorylation of ADP to ATP?

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the substrate-level phosphorylation of ADP to ATP?

3PG and ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme responsible for the isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate?

Phosphoglycerate mutase Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate?

2PG Signup and view all the answers

Which step is the first reaction that generates ATP?

Substrate-level phosphorylation of ADP to ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of glucose to glucose-6 phosphate?

Hexokinase Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the reaction catalyzed by Phosphofructokinase 1?

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an inhibitor of Phosphofructokinase 1?

ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate?

Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in glycolysis?

Activator of Phosphofructokinase 1 Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate?

Hexokinase Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP in glycolysis?

Inhibitor of Phosphofructokinase 1 Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate?

Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphatase Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of excess glucose in the liver during the fed state?

Directed into the pentose phosphate pathway, generating NADPH and H+ Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the GLUT-2 transporter in the liver?

To transport glucose into the liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of genetic defects in intestinal epithelial cells?

Decreased digestion of disaccharides Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of acetyl-CoA in the liver?

Key substrate for fatty acid synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of triacylglycerols in the liver?

They are transported to peripheral tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is stimulated in the muscles during the fed state?

Glycogenesis, amino acid uptake, and protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of glycerol used in lipogenesis?

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the fed state on protein degradation in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue?

It decreases protein degradation Signup and view all the answers

What happens to glucose uptake by the muscle and adipose tissue during fasting?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of fasting on hepatic glucose production and peripheral glucose uptake?

Hepatic glucose production becomes equal to peripheral glucose uptake Signup and view all the answers

What happens to insulin levels after 16 hours of fasting?

They decrease Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of von Gierke's Disease on the liver?

It causes a combination of hepatomegaly and hypoglycemia due to a deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase and hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Cori cycle?

To convert lactate to glucose in the liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of muscle in the Cori cycle?

It releases lactate, which is taken up by the liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary amino acid released during muscle proteolysis in the glucose-alanine cycle?

Alanine Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of alanine in the glucose-alanine cycle?

It is taken up by the liver and converted to pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of pyruvate kinase deficiency?

Hemolytic anemia Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of lactate in skeletal muscle?

Lactate dehydrogenase Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of glucose 6P dehydrogenase deficiency?