Phonology Quiz on Consonant Harmony

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Questions and Answers

In consonant harmony, if V0 is placed between a trigger and a target, what does this indicate?

  • The trigger and the target are both consonants. (correct)
  • The trigger is a consonant and the target separated by multiple vowels.
  • The trigger is a consonant and the target is a vowel.
  • The trigger is a vowel and the target is separated by one consonant.

What does alpha notation accomplish when combining rules D and E into one rule?

  • It matches specifications of a feature using the alpha symbol. (correct)
  • It eliminates the need to specify the feature.
  • It indicates that the features are always opposite.
  • It changes the rule from assimilation to deletion.

According to Rule F, what happens to a vowel following a [+ATR] segment?

  • It is deleted if there is an interviening consonant
  • Its ATR feature remains unchanged
  • It becomes [-ATR], regardless of the number of intervening consonants
  • It surfaces as [+ATR] (correct)

How is Twi [ATR] harmony different from Dagbani [ATR] harmony?

<p>Twi harmony is bidirectional, while Dagbani is left-to-right only. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Rule G, [+syllabic] → [αATR] / ___ C0 [αATR] represent?

<p>Right-to-left spread of ATR feature in Twi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common characteristic of assimilation and harmony rules?

<p>One segment changes the feature of another segment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for assimilation where sounds become exact copies of each other?

<p>Complete assimilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the symbol “Ø” represent in phonological rules that discuss epenthesis?

<p>The absence of a segment in the underlying representation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In rules of deletion, what does the symbol 'Ø' indicate?

<p>The segment is deleted from the word (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the assimilation process, what do we refer to as the sound that undergoes a change?

<p>The target (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the sound that causes a change in the feature specification of another sound?

<p>The trigger (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a target sound is located to the left of the trigger, what type of assimilation is occurring?

<p>Progressive assimilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these words contains partial assimilation?

<p>unpaid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the word 'tenth' [tɛn̪-θ], which sound is the target of assimilation?

<p>/n/ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between complete and partial assimilation?

<p>Whether the sounds become identical or not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the word 'eighth' [eɪt̪ -θ], what is the trigger of assimilation?

<p>/θ/ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying representation (UR) for the word that surfaces as [sĩŋ-iŋ]?

<p>/siŋ/ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the derivation of [siŋ-ĩŋ], what process separates the vowel and nasal?

<p>Progressive suffixation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the progressive marker prevent the vowel from becoming nasalised in the derivation of [siŋ-ĩŋ]?

<p>It separates the vowel and nasal into different syllables. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct surface form of /bɔn/ after applying vowel nasalisation and nasal deletion?

<p>[bɔ]̃ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of assimilation in phonetics?

<p>The co-articulation of adjacent sounds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In French, what is the effect of a nasal sound following another nasal sound?

<p>It is deleted through nasal deletion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the notation [+syl] → [+nas]/__+nas]σ represent in relation to vowel nasalization?

<p>A syllabic sound becomes nasalized before a nasal consonant in the same syllable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of assimilation, what does 'sacrificing a phonetic component' mean?

<p>Altering a sound to match an adjacent sound. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to articulate /n/ followed by /k/ without assimilation?

<p>The articulators cannot move from alveolar to velar quickly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If nasal deletion was applied before vowel nasalisation to /bɔn/, what incorrect surface form would result?

<p>[bɔñ] (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle does the interaction of vowel nasalisation and nasal deletion in French demonstrate?

<p>The order of applying multiple phonological rules matters. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three phonetic components that are central to assimilation?

<p>Place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the term 'iŋ-kəɹɛkt' what specific feature of /n/ is most likely changed due to assimilation?

<p>Its place of articulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a fundamental aspect to consider in the analysis of assimilation?

<p>The social context of the speaker's intention. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another term that can be used instead of 'assimilation'?

<p>Co-articulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many fundamental issues are discussed as being needed for a complete analysis of assimilation?

<p>Four (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key assumption of Autosegmental Phonology regarding tone?

<p>Tone is associated with segments but is considered independent of them (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of association lines in Autosegmental Phonology?

<p>They link tones to the segments that bear them. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an association type of tone to segments in Autosegmental Phonology?

<p>Many-to-many (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a contour tone, according to Autosegmental Phonology?

<p>It is the result of a many-to-one association of different level tones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'floating tone' refer to in Autosegmental Phonology?

<p>A tone that is not associated with any segment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided rules, what tonal transition occurs after another low tone?

<p>A high tone becomes a rising tone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the provided rule, what does 'H → R' represent?

<p>A high tone becomes a rising tone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the observation that both L and F end with L with respect to the tonal rules?

<p>It implies that any tonal change after a low tone can also occur after low. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference in how tones are treated in linear derivational theory versus Autosegmental Phonology?

<p>Linear derivational theory treats tones as part of segments, while Autosegmental Phonology treats them as independent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example /òké òkpá/ → [òkôkpá], what happens to the tone when the vowel is deleted?

<p>The tone becomes a floating tone and relinks to another tone bearing unit (TBU). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'twin sister convention' and when is it typically applied?

<p>It is a convention that simplifies adjacent identical tones; applied after a floating tone re-links to another TBU. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by a 'floating tone'?

<p>A tone that is not associated with any tone bearing unit (TBU) at some point. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forces a floating tone to re-link to another TBU?

<p>The Welformedness Condition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example /èké élà/ → [èkélà], what is the surface form after the application of the twin sister convention?

<p>[èkélà] (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content provided, what is the primary focus of the next lecture?

<p>Discussion on floating tones using data on a dialect of Ewe. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these represents the correct sequence of operations for tone changes when going from underlying representation (UR) to surface form?

<p>Vowel deletion, tone re-linking, twin sister convention. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Assimilation

The process of changing the pronunciation of a sound based on the sounds around it.

Trigger

The sound that causes the change in another sound.

Target

The sound that undergoes a change in pronunciation.

Direction

The direction of change in assimilation.

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Domain

The range of sounds affected by assimilation.

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Feature

The specific phonetic feature that changes in assimilation.

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Regressive Assimilation

When a sound becomes more like the preceding sound.

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Progressive Assimilation

When a sound becomes more like the following sound.

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Assimilation Direction

The direction of change in assimilation - whether the target sound becomes more like the sound before it or the sound after it.

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Complete Assimilation

When the target sound becomes completely identical to the trigger sound.

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Partial Assimilation

When the target sound does not become completely identical to the trigger sound, but adopts some of its features.

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Direction of Assimilation

The direction in which assimilation occurs. It can be either to the left (regressive) or to the right (progressive).

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Harmony

A process where a segment's features change to match a feature of the trigger.

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Insertion/Epenthesis

A phonological process that involves the addition of a segment.

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Autosegmental Phonology

A theory in phonology where tone is considered independent of segments and associated with them through association lines.

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Tone-Bearing Unit (TBU)

A unit of sound that carries a tone.

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One-to-One association

A one-to-one association between a tone and a TBU.

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One-to-Many association

An association where one tone is linked to multiple TBUs.

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Many-to-One association

An association where multiple tones are linked to a single TBU.

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Floating Tone

An association of a tone without a TBU, floating and ready to be linked.

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Toneless TBU

A TBU without an associated tone.

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Contour Tone

A tone that combines two levels, often created through re-association of tones and TBUs.

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Vowel Nasalization

A phonological process where a vowel becomes nasalized when followed by a nasal consonant within the same syllable.

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Progressive Suffixation

A phonological process where a suffix is added after a stem, affecting the pronunciation of the stem.

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Surface Form

The actual phonetic form of a word, as it is pronounced.

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Underlying Representation (UR)

The abstract representation of a word, before any phonological rules apply.

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Nasal Deletion

A phonological process where a sound is deleted when it is followed by another similar sound.

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Rule Ordering

The order in which phonological rules are applied to derive the surface form.

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Environment

The set of conditions or sounds that trigger a phonological rule.

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Derived Surface Form

The outcome of applying phonological rules to the underlying representation.

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Welfomedness Condition

A phonological principle stating that all tones must be linked to vowels and all vowels must have a tone.

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Twin Sister Convention

The process of simplifying a sequence of two identical tones on a single vowel into one tone.

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Vowel Deletion

The process where a vowel is deleted, leaving its tone unattached to a segment, resulting in a floating tone.

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Tone Re-linking

A type of phonological rule that applies to the simplification of tones.

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Tone Simplification

A type of phonological rule where adjacent identical tones on a single vowel are simplified to a single tone.

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Adjacent Tone Restriction

A phonological rule that says tones cannot be adjacent on a single vowel segment.

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Study Notes

Phonological Processes: Assimilation

  • Assimilation is a process where a sound becomes more similar to a neighboring sound.
  • The sound undergoing assimilation adopts a new feature from the neighboring sound.
  • The assimilating sound does not lose its original feature.
  • Assimilation involves various features, including place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing.
  • Any sound can assimilate to any feature in these categories, such as place, manner of articulation, and voicing.

Phonological Processes: Harmony

  • Harmony is a type of assimilation, but it involves non-adjacent sounds.
  • Adjacent sounds are required in assimilation, while non-adjacent sounds are required in harmony.
  • A harmonic feature is a shared feature value between non-adjacent sounds within a domain.
  • Harmony is more focused on phonology than phonetics.
  • Assimilation is a phonetic process, while harmony is a phonological process.
  • Consonant harmony and vowel harmony are both possible, though vowel harmony is more common.

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