10 Questions
What is the term for the rules and sound system of speech?
Phonology
What is a characteristic of a phonological disorder?
Use of patterns of sound errors beyond the typical age
What is the term for the deletion of a phoneme?
Omission
What is the purpose of phonological processes in typically developing children?
To simplify speech
What is the term for the replacement of one phoneme with another?
Substitution
What is the result of a child's inability to coordinate lips, tongue, teeth, palate, and jaw for clear speech?
Simplification of speech
What is the term for a nonstandard form of a phoneme?
Distortion
What is a common symptom of a phonological disorder?
Use of patterns of sound errors
What is the term for the study of the sound system of speech?
Phonology
What is the typical reason for a child's use of phonological processes?
Because they don't have the ability to coordinate lips, tongue, teeth, palate, and jaw for clear speech
Study Notes
Places of Articulation
- Bilabial: sounds produced by using both lips together, e.g., /b/, /p/, /m/, /w/
- Labiodental: sounds produced using both the lower lip and the upper front teeth, e.g., /v/, /f/
- Interdental/Linguadental: sounds produced by placing the tongue between upper and lower teeth, e.g., /th/, /th/
- Alveolar: sounds produced when tongue tip touches the alveolar ridge, e.g., /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/, /r/
- Palatal: sounds produced when tongue touches or almost touches the hard palate, e.g., /sh/, /ch/, /j/
- Velar: sounds produced when tongue approaches the velum or soft palate, e.g., /k/, /g/
- Glottal: sound produced at the level of the vocal folds, e.g., /h/
Manner of Articulation
- Stops/Plosives: consonant made by completely blocking the airflow and then releasing it, e.g., /b/, /p/, /d/, /g/, /t/, /k/
- Fricatives: characterized by a “hissing” sound, produced by air escaping through a small passage in the mouth, e.g., /f/, /v/, /sh/, /s/, /z/, /th/, /th/, /h/
- Affricates: consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, e.g., /ch/, /j/
- Nasals: consonant in which air escapes only through the nose, e.g., /n/, /m/
- Glides: consonant that sounds like a vowel but behaves like a consonant, e.g., /y/, /w/
- Liquids: e.g., /l/, /r/
Voicing
- Voiced sounds: produced with vibration, e.g., /van/
- Voiceless sounds: produced without vocal fold vibration, e.g., /fan/
Speech Sound Disorders
- Articulation impairment: disorders of production of speech sounds
- Phonological impairment: disorders of understanding and applying the rules and sound system of speech
Phonemes
- Universal phonemes: found in all languages
- Language-specific phonemes: used in only a few languages
- Phonemes are generally written between two slashes, as in /ð/
- Transcribed phonemic combinations such as words are often transcribed between brackets, as in [ðæt] for the word "that"
Phonological Processes
- Patterns of sound errors that typically developing children use to simplify speech
- Used because they don’t have the ability to coordinate lips, tongue, teeth, palate, and jaw for clear speech
- Examples of phonological processes include:
- Substitutions: one phoneme is replaced with another
- Omissions: the deletion of a phoneme
- Distortions: nonstandard form of a phoneme is used
Test your knowledge of phonetics by identifying the correct places and manners of articulation for different sounds. Learn about the different positions of the tongue and lips to produce various consonant sounds. From palatal to velar, and stops to fricatives, this quiz covers it all!
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