18 Questions
What is the term for the process of completely blocking the airflow and then releasing it to produce a consonant sound?
Stops/plosives
Which place of articulation involves the tongue touching or almost touching the hard palate?
Palatal
What is the term for consonants that are produced by air escaping through a small passage in the mouth, characterized by a 'hissing' sound?
Fricatives
What is the difference between voiced and voiceless sounds in terms of vocal fold vibration?
Voiced sounds are produced with vibration, while voiceless sounds are produced without vocal fold vibration
What is the term for consonants that begin as a stop and release as a fricative?
Affricates
Which consonants are produced by air escaping only through the nose?
Nasals
What is the term for the smallest unit of speech sound that distinguishes one word from another?
Phoneme
How are phonemes classified in terms of their production?
According to place of articulation, manner of production, and voicing
What is the term for the production of speech sounds using both lips together?
Bilabial
What determines the voicing of a consonant?
Vibration of the vocal fold during production
What is the term for the sounds produced when the tongue tip touches the alveolar ridge?
Alveolar
How are phonemes written in transcription?
Between two slashes, as in /ð/
What is a disorder of articulation characterized by, and what is an example of it?
A disorder of articulation is characterized by incorrect production of a phoneme, and an example is a child who incorrectly produces the /s/ phoneme.
What is the difference between a phonological disorder and a phonological process?
A phonological disorder is when phonological processes continue beyond the age when most typically developing children have stopped using them, whereas a phonological process is a pattern of sound errors used to simplify speech.
What is an example of a substitution error in speech?
Replacing one phoneme with another, such as replacing /s/ with /th/.
What is the main reason why children use phonological processes in their speech?
Children use phonological processes because they don't have the ability to coordinate lips, tongue, teeth, palate, and jaw for clear speech.
What is phonology, and how does it relate to speech disorders?
Phonology refers to understanding and applying the rules and sound system of speech, and it is related to speech disorders because individuals with phonological disorders have difficulty understanding and applying these rules.
What is a common symptom of a phonological disorder?
Using patterns of sound errors, such as substituting one phoneme for another, or having trouble saying sentences.
Study Notes
Speech Sound Disorders
- Speech production requires coordination of various physical structures and cognitive processes.
- The main structures involved in the articulation process include the brain, lungs, larynx, mouth, and nose.
Phonemes
- Phonemes are units of sound in language, classified into consonants and vowels.
- There are universal phonemes found in all languages, and others unique to specific languages.
- Phonemes are transcribed between slashes (e.g., /ð/) and combinations of phonemes are transcribed between brackets (e.g., [ðæt] for "that").
Places of Articulation
- There are 7 places of articulation:
- Bilabial: lips together (e.g., /b/, /p/, /m/, /w/)
- Labiodental: lower lip and upper front teeth (e.g., /v/, /f/)
- Interdental/Linguadental: tongue between upper and lower teeth (e.g., /th/, /th/)
- Alveolar: tongue tip touches alveolar ridge (e.g., /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/, /r/)
- Palatal: tongue touches or almost touches hard palate (e.g., /sh/, /ch/, /j/)
- Velar: tongue approaches velum or soft palate (e.g., /k/, /g/)
- Glottal: sound produced at the level of the vocal folds (e.g., /h/)
Manner of Articulation
- There are 6 manners of articulation:
- Stops/plosives: complete blocking of airflow and release (e.g., /b/, /p/, /d/, /g/, /t/, /k/)
- Fricatives: air escapes through a small passage in the mouth (e.g., /f/, /v/, /sh/, /s/, /z/, /th/)
- Affricates: combination of stop and fricative (e.g., /ch/, /j/)
- Nasals: air escapes only through the nose (e.g., /n/, /m/)
- Glides: sounds like vowels but behave like consonants (e.g., /y/, /w/)
- Liquids: (e.g., /l/, /r/)
Voicing
- Consonants can be described in terms of voicing, referring to vibration of the vocal folds during production.
- Voiced sounds have vocal fold vibration (e.g., /van/), while voiceless sounds do not (e.g., /fan/)
Speech Sounds Development and Disorders
- Phoneme acquisition is a process that typically developing children follow.
- Articulation impairments are disorders of speech sound production, characterized by substitutions, omissions, and distortions.
- Phonological disorders involve difficulties with understanding and applying the rules and sound system of speech.
- Phonological processes are patterns of sound errors used by typically developing children to simplify speech.
Test your knowledge of phonetics! Identify the places and manners of articulation in speech sounds, including palatal, velar, and glottal sounds, and stops, fricatives, and more.
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