Philosophy of Science and Humanities

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Questions and Answers

What do the natural sciences aim to derive through experiments?

Local traditions

General laws (correct)

Nuanced descriptions

Scientific methods

What is the primary focus of the humanities?

Studying local traditions and history (correct)

Explaining individual cases

Developing scientific methods

Deriving general laws

What do the social sciences generally attempt to do?

Studying local traditions

Derive general laws

Develop scientific methods (correct)

Develop nuanced descriptions

What is a characteristic of anthropological social sciences?

Deriving nuanced descriptions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of anthropology?

To provide a holistic account of humans and human nature Signup and view all the answers

How is anthropology typically divided in the United States?

Into four sub-fields Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the word 'anthropos'?

Greek for person Signup and view all the answers

How did Eric Wolf describe sociocultural anthropology?

As the most scientific of the humanities Signup and view all the answers

What is the common characteristic of professionals like Kenneth Lay and Bernard Ebbers?

They were blinded by self-interest. Signup and view all the answers

Why are top management who take personal pay cuts in difficult financial times respected?

Because they show empathy towards affected employees. Signup and view all the answers

What should companies consider before making decisions that affect employees?

Both the impact on employees and the environment. Signup and view all the answers

Why may a manager's decision to halt a process due to environmental concerns not be appreciated by the company?

Because the company prioritizes profits over environmental protection. Signup and view all the answers

How can morality be promoted effectively?

By setting a good personal example. Signup and view all the answers

When are personal values and ethical behavior taught?

In early childhood. Signup and view all the answers

Why is teaching an employee ethics not always effective?

Because understanding ethics does not necessarily result in behaving ethically. Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for making ethical decisions?

Analyzing the situation and considering the goals of the firm. Signup and view all the answers

Why did anthropologists initially study societies with simpler social organizations?

To gain a more holistic understanding of humanity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the study of human societies, institutions, and topics that have changed over time?

History Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of anthropologists when studying a particular culture?

To understand the culture in a holistic manner Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe societies that are not industrialized or Western?

Less complex societies Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the study of the human past?

History Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between history and anthropology?

History focuses on the past, while anthropology focuses on the present Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the idea that all human cultures are part of one large, evolving global culture?

Globalization Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for anthropologists to consider the relationships between local observations and global patterns?

To understand the complexity of human cultures Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason behind the issuance of codes by corporations and regulatory bodies?

To be seen as socially responsible Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organizations has issued codes of best practices?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of courses in Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) and other B-schools?

Business ethics, corporate social responsibility, and corporate governance Signup and view all the answers

What do companies conduct to ensure they are ethical?

Ethics Audit Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of the fast-changing external environment of business on individual organizations?

It necessitates positive changes in the response of individual organizations Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason behind the changing business environment?

Information and Technological explosion Signup and view all the answers

What are companies adopting to communicate their ethical culture?

New and effective tools Signup and view all the answers

Why are managers and would-be entrepreneurs being groomed to be ethical and socially responsible?

Because business growth should not come at the expense of others Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of corporate governance?

To protect stakeholders' interests Signup and view all the answers

What are the foundation of authentic business relationships?

Ethics Signup and view all the answers

What is moral science concerned with?

The principles of right and wrong behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of moral science in life?

It helps individuals to become worthy members of society Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of corporate excellence?

Achieving transparency and integrity Signup and view all the answers

What is the relation between individuals and society according to moral science?

Individuals are part of a family, which is part of a community, and so on Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of moral science in schools?

To instill moral values in children Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of moral values?

To show justice towards society Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Natural sciences seek to derive general laws through reproducible and verifiable experiments.
Humanities study local traditions, history, literature, music, and arts, focusing on understanding particular individuals, events, or eras.
Social sciences develop scientific methods to understand social phenomena in a generalizable way, distinct from natural sciences.

Anthropology

Anthropology is divided into four subfields: archaeology, physical or biological anthropology, anthropological linguistics, and cultural anthropology.
The goal of anthropology is to provide a holistic account of humans and human nature.
Anthropologists study peoples in societies with simpler social organization, using biogenetic, archaeological, and linguistic data alongside direct observation of contemporary customs.

History

History is the study and interpretation of the record of humans, societies, and institutions that have changed over time.
History is traditionally considered a part of the humanities, but is occasionally classified as a social science.

Ethics in Business

Managers may face situations where they are unsure about the ethical side of their actions.
Moral or ethical behavior cannot be legislated or taught in a vacuum; personal values and ethical behavior are taught at an early age.
Setting a good personal example is the best way to promote ethical behavior.
Codes promulgated by corporations and regulatory bodies continue to multiply, making it clear that corporate leaders should not make plans without considering the impact on oppressed communities.

Changing Business Environment and Ethical Challenges

Companies respond to the changing business environment by adopting new and effective tools to communicate their ethical culture.
An ethical organization can be recognized on the basis of its corporate excellence and relation to stakeholders, following corporate governance principles.
Value-based management and practice of ethics have become imperatives in corporate governance.

Moral Science

Moral science teaches moral values, standards of behavior, and principles of right and wrong.
It teaches individuals how to behave in society, showing justice towards the community.
Moral science is crucial in life, as it instills moral values in children, making them worthy members of society.

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Description

This quiz explores the differences between natural sciences, humanities, and social sciences in their approaches to understanding the world.