Philo Final Examination

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Questions and Answers

It is the view which disregards the human capacity to take a stand

Pan-Determinism

Pan-Determinism states that humans are not free because their decisions, actions, and behaviors are determined by their biological, physical, and sociological condition

False

It refers to the idea that all humans are determined by their genes, brain size, and other biological attributes

Biological Determinism

Humans are biologically pre-disposed to decide, act, and behave in a certain way

True Signup and view all the answers

It is the idea that human behavior is the symptom of biological and social conditions

Pan-Determinism Signup and view all the answers

He is the father of the school of psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud Signup and view all the answers

What are the two concepts Sigmund Freund is know for?

Three Aspects of Human Personality and Three Levels of Mind Signup and view all the answers

According to Sigmund Freud: Human actions are not free. It may appear free but they are nothing but a manifestation of various mental states

True Signup and view all the answers

Mental states govern human decisions, actions, and beliefs

False Signup and view all the answers

Oral Passive: Underfed :: _ : Overfed

Oral Aggresive Signup and view all the answers

_ : Anal Retentive :: Too lax _

Too Harsh, Anal Expulsive Signup and view all the answers

Leads to unusual relationship with mother or father

Phallic Signup and view all the answers

Loving one-to-one relationship with another

Genital Signup and view all the answers

Includes everything in which people are aware of

Conscious Signup and view all the answers

Includes all mental activities which are not presently active

Pre-Conscious Signup and view all the answers

Includes mental activity that people are unaware of

Unconscious Signup and view all the answers

Freuds links his concept of mind to an _

Iceberg Signup and view all the answers

He is known for his defense of behaviorism

Burrhus Frederic Skinner Signup and view all the answers

According to B.F. Skinner, human behavior is shaped by internal conditions

False Signup and view all the answers

According to B.F. Skinner, human behavior is shaped by external conditions and not by the inner-self

True Signup and view all the answers

Which determinism states that actions that produce good consequences are reinforced while the actions that resulted into negative effects have the tendency to not be repeated

Sociological Determinism Signup and view all the answers

A person is considered to be free if he or she posit an autonomous agent.

True Signup and view all the answers

What presupposes human being’s connectivity with others?

Intersubjectivity Signup and view all the answers

According to the concept of intersubjectivity, we share the same situations and create shared meanings with are the bases for collective actions and beliefs

True Signup and view all the answers

Human creates their own world and detached themselves in the environment to establish relationship with others for them to survive

False Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for the meaningful existence of human?

Communication or Dialogue Signup and view all the answers

Human is the consequence of social interaction

True Signup and view all the answers

What strengthen the interaction of human?

Communication Signup and view all the answers

What nonrelational self states that human isolate himself and does not recognize others?

The Self Isolation Signup and view all the answers

_ is when human consciously leaves the communicative situation

Isolation Signup and view all the answers

In Isolation, human can attain full consciousness of himself

False Signup and view all the answers

He observes that human being pretends to be another person to be accepted

Bubber Signup and view all the answers

What nonrelational self is being discussed when the content of communication is not about the true self but the seeming and imagined self

The Self in the Realm of Pretentions Signup and view all the answers

What nonrelational self is when a human controls other human beings like an object?

The Self in the Realm of Manipulation Signup and view all the answers

What nonrelational self is when an individual only sees himself as the basis of truth and social existence

The Self in the Realm of Selfishness Signup and view all the answers

Self-consciousness begins with others consciousness

True Signup and view all the answers

Humans are social being

True Signup and view all the answers

Humans are political by nature

True Signup and view all the answers

A social creature with a power of speech and moral reasoning

Political Animal Signup and view all the answers

Humans has the ability to decide

True Signup and view all the answers

Why humans have natural desires to live in communities?

For self preservation, common protection, and good life Signup and view all the answers

A state that is formed out of the natural evolution of communities and not a product of human conventions

Political Society Signup and view all the answers

What is the first argument according to Aristotle?

Men and Women have the right to propagate Signup and view all the answers

It is a self sufficing community of people existing for the sake of good life

State Signup and view all the answers

What is the second argument according to Aristotle?

Humans have the capacity for speech Signup and view all the answers

Only humans have the capacity to communicate

True Signup and view all the answers

What argument of Aristotle states that “The organ of a body cannot exist within a body. The body is the whole of which the organ is part of.”

Third Argument Signup and view all the answers

The individual cannot exist without a state. The state is a whole of which the individual is not a part of

False Signup and view all the answers

Humans are rational being

True Signup and view all the answers

Humans does not have the capacity to reason out

False Signup and view all the answers

Rationality dictates responsibility

True Signup and view all the answers

What is Plato’s Idea in Just Society?

Human person has a soul and this soul is compose of three parts: The Appetitive, The Spirited, and The Rational Signup and view all the answers

It is the person’s need for nourishment and reproduction

The Appetitive or Biological Signup and view all the answers

It is responsible for the person’s emotion, passion, and will power

The Spirited or Emotional Signup and view all the answers

Responsible for person’s thinking

The Rational Signup and view all the answers

Appetitive and spirited results to harmonious personality

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the first problem of Plato on his idea of Ideal Society?

Determine whether the person belongs to Desire-Driven, Power-Driven, or Wisdom-Seeker Signup and view all the answers

What is the second problem in Ideal Society by Plato?

Determine the position of each class of people in the society Signup and view all the answers

What is the third problem in the concept of Ideal Society by Plato

Determine how should an individual live given their respective natures and positions Signup and view all the answers

There is a better way to classify people and to determine their social position aside from education

False Signup and view all the answers

Social positions are inherited and not merited

False Signup and view all the answers

Who said “You are-your life, and nothing else.”?

Jean Paul-Sartre Signup and view all the answers

Jean Paul-Sartre is know for being an exponent of a philosophy of existence called _

Existentialism Signup and view all the answers

It is the power to act , speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint

Freedom Signup and view all the answers

A duty or obligation to satisfactorily perform a task assigned by someone

Responsibility Signup and view all the answers

Freedom implies responsibility

True Signup and view all the answers

Because human person is free, he or she is only responsible for himself or herself, and not for the humanity

False Signup and view all the answers

A person is in charge of his or her own life

True Signup and view all the answers

A person who acts freely only if he or she acts for the sake of duty, which he or she imposes upon himself or herself in accordance with the moral laws

Autonomous Rational Being Signup and view all the answers

One that does not have an authority other than its reason

Autonomous Being Signup and view all the answers

It is a universal law that governs all human persons in the world as rational being regardless of space and time

Moral Law Signup and view all the answers

Moral Law is absolute in the sense that it requires complete obedience from its subjects

True Signup and view all the answers

A human person is governed by his or her own reason

Rational Being Signup and view all the answers

According to Iris Marion Young, responsibility is used in 2 senses. What is the concept of first sense?

To be responsible is to be guilty Signup and view all the answers

What sense if being responsible to carry out task morally and legally according to Irish Marion Young?

Second sense Signup and view all the answers

According to him, socities all over the world have undergone the process of evolution

Karl Marx Signup and view all the answers

According to Karl Marx, what are the four major stages of the evolution of societies?

Prehistoric, Precapitalist, Capitalist, Communist Signup and view all the answers

In _ there are is possession of private property

Prehistory Signup and view all the answers

In prehistory, people lived by _ and _

hunting, gathering Signup and view all the answers

The prehistoric society was a paradise-like

True Signup and view all the answers

Why prehistory considered as paradise-like? Provide two reason.

No Division of Labor, No Social Classes, No war, and People live in peace and contentment Signup and view all the answers

Precapitalism consist of _ and _

Period of slavery, Period of serfdom Signup and view all the answers

Consist of masters and slaves

Period of slavery Signup and view all the answers

Development of agriculture

Period of slavery Signup and view all the answers

Gave birth to private property and division of labor

Period of slavery Signup and view all the answers

Birth of social classes and establishment of social institutions

Period of slavery Signup and view all the answers

Lords and Serfs replaced the Masters and Slaves

Period of serfdom Signup and view all the answers

The Lords has lesser powers

Period of serfdom Signup and view all the answers

In period of serfdom, the slaves enjoyed freedom while the serfs did not

False Signup and view all the answers

An economic and political system in which the society is managed by private individuals

Capitalism Signup and view all the answers

What do you call the owner of the means of production?

Bourgeoisie Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the laborers in the period of capitalism

Proletariat Signup and view all the answers

The society is doomed to collapse and said to self-destruct

True Signup and view all the answers

It is a political theory that advocates the abolition of private property

Communism Signup and view all the answers

What is the root cause of all evils in the society

Private Property Signup and view all the answers

Who stated “Since the day of my birth, death began its walk. It is walking towards me without hurrying.”?

Jean Cocteau Signup and view all the answers

Why are we certain about death? Provide two statements.

No one had lived in the far past still exists today. We have seen people die. Science tells us that anything that comes also goes. Signup and view all the answers

One may use his power and wealth to outsmart and outlive his fellows and will never going to reach the end of the rope.

False Signup and view all the answers

The statement “Everyone dies. It is an ultimate truth, a truth that no one can deny and no one can defy.” provides certainty of death

True Signup and view all the answers

The cessation of anything physical in a human person

Death Signup and view all the answers

_ observes “Death comes to us whether we are standing or sitting”

Boholanos Signup and view all the answers

The condition of incongruence between human intention and the silence of the world

Absurdity Signup and view all the answers

Who stated that life becomes meaningful because of death?

Viktro Frankl Signup and view all the answers

Knowing that we may die anytime, we need to value every single moment and opportunity of our lives

True Signup and view all the answers

Why people value their lives and the people they love?

Because of our awareness to death Signup and view all the answers

Who stated “To philosophize is to learn how to die”?

Socrates Signup and view all the answers

What view of death stated that human does not have a spirit or soul and everything in life ends in death?

Materialist Signup and view all the answers

A human person is compose of _ and _

body, soul Signup and view all the answers

When the body dies, the soul continues to live

True Signup and view all the answers

What religion claimed that “to die is to be home in heaven with God”?

Christians Signup and view all the answers

What religion believed that death ushers the journey of the soul back to creator?

Christians Signup and view all the answers

They believed in existence of eternal soul

Hindus Signup and view all the answers

This religion believed that when a human person dies, the atman or human soul is either reincarnated to another being or reunited with the Brahman, the supreme being.

Hindus Signup and view all the answers

They di not believe in the existence of the permanent soul

Buddhists Signup and view all the answers

According to the belief of the buddhists, ignorance is the root cause of human suffering

True Signup and view all the answers

He stated “ignorance gives rise to fear of death”

Socrates Signup and view all the answers

He stated “if ignorance is the cause of fear of death, then wisdom is its antidote.”

Socrates Signup and view all the answers

Who believes in no-self?

Buddha Signup and view all the answers

Who stated “Life has a purpose. If death is part of life, then it must also have purpose”?

Viktor Frankl Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Determinism

Pan-Determinism: humans are not free, as their decisions and actions are determined by biological, physical, and sociological conditions.
Humans are biologically pre-disposed to decide, act, and behave in a certain way.
Sigmund Freud: human actions are not free, but are manifestations of various mental states; mental states govern human decisions, actions, and beliefs.

Sigmund Freud

Father of psychoanalysis.
Known for his concept of mind linked to the id, ego, and superego.

B.F. Skinner

Known for his defense of behaviorism.
Human behavior is shaped by external conditions, not by the inner-self.

Determinism and Freedom

Determinism: human actions are determined by internal or external conditions.
Freedom: human actions are not determined, and humans have autonomy.

Intersubjectivity and Non-Relational Self

Intersubjectivity: humans share the same situations and create shared meanings, which form the basis for collective actions and beliefs.
Non-relational self: human isolates themselves and does not recognize others.
Types of non-relational self:
- Isolation: human consciously leaves the communicative situation.
- Distoination: human controls other humans like objects.
- Egocentrism: individual only sees themselves as the basis of truth and social existence.

Human Nature and Society

Humans are social beings with the power of speech and moral reasoning.
Humans have natural desires to live in communities.
Aristotle's arguments for humans being social beings:
- Humans are political by nature.
- Humans have the capacity to communicate.
- Humans are rational beings.

Aristotle's Ideal Society

A self-sufficing community of people existing for the sake of good life.
The individual cannot exist without a state; the state is a whole of which the individual is a part.

Plato's Idea of Just Society

The person's need for nourishment and reproduction is controlled by the appetitive part of the soul.
Emotions, passion, and willpower are controlled by the spirited part of the soul.
Thinking is controlled by the rational part of the soul.
Appetitive and spirited parts result in a harmonious personality.
Problems in Plato's Ideal Society:
- Education is not the sole determinant of social position.
- Social positions are inherited, not merited.

Jean-Paul Sartre and Existentialism

Jean-Paul Sartre is known for his philosophy of existence, which emphasizes human freedom and responsibility.
"You are your life, and nothing else."

Freedom and Responsibility

Freedom: the power to act, speak, or think without hindrance or restraint.
Responsibility: implies accountability for one's actions.
Freedom implies responsibility, and humans are responsible for themselves, not humanity.

Karl Marx and the Evolution of Societies

Four major stages of societal evolution: primitive communism, slavery, feudalism, and capitalism.
Possession of private property occurs in the stage of slavery.
Prehistory was a paradise-like society with no private property and division of labor.
Reason for considering prehistory as paradise-like: no social classes or institutions.
Precapitalism consists of lords and serfs.
Capitalism: private individuals manage the society, and the owner of the means of production is the bourgeoisie, while the laborers are the proletariat.
Communism: advocates the abolition of private property.
Root cause of all evils in society: private property.

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