Philosophy and Knowledge in Preliterate Societies

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Questions and Answers

What was a characteristic of knowledge in preliterate civilizations according to Lindberg?

Knowledge was theoretical and abstract rather than practical.

Knowledge was confined to practical skills without a theoretical understanding. (correct)

Knowledge was documented and easily shared among generations.

Knowledge was primarily focused on historical events and record-keeping.

What does the fluidity of knowledge in preliterate societies imply?

Historical knowledge is limited to two generations. (correct)

Knowledge is transmitted through written records.

Knowledge remains unchanged across generations.

Knowledge primarily involves complex scientific theories.

What belief characterizes animism in preliterate cultures?

All living beings are considered equal.

Inanimate objects are believed to be devoid of any spirit.

Nature is populated by spirits with human-like characteristics. (correct)

Human beings are considered the most powerful entities in the world.

Why is scientific thinking said to be impossible without written records?

Patterns and incompatibilities in stories become visible through documentation. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes prehistory from history?

Written records mark the transition from prehistory to history. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of protowriting?

The use of symbols to represent entities without linguistic links. Signup and view all the answers

What are pictograms designed to represent?

Persons, animals, and objects in a recognizable way. Signup and view all the answers

Which civilization is noted for having developed writing around 6000 BCE?

China Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophical branch explores the nature of existence or being?

Ontology Signup and view all the answers

What principle is associated with Heraclitus, indicating that everything is in constant change?

Panta Rhei Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the concept of nativism?

Knowledge is recalled from innate ideas. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of epistemology?

The study of knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

What thematic area does 'Aesthetics' primarily deal with?

The concept of beauty. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of theories of truth, what is a key question?

What makes some representations true and others false? Signup and view all the answers

What do invariance principles describe?

Stability under specific transformations. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best captures the idea of anamnesis?

Knowledge is recollected from an innate state. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the sub-lunar region?

It consists of a mixture of four elements: air, earth, fire, and water. Signup and view all the answers

According to the concepts presented, what happens to soil and water in the sub-lunar region?

They fall to the ground as their natural place is the center of the Earth. Signup and view all the answers

What does horror vacui refer to in this context?

The disbelief in the possibility of a vacuum; every space is filled with matter. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of souls or psyches identified?

Vegetative, Animal, and Human. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the super-lunar region from the sub-lunar region?

The super-lunar region is filled with aether and immaculate stars. Signup and view all the answers

What is a syllogism?

A deductive argument with three propositions. Signup and view all the answers

Teleology emphasizes which of the following in explaining phenomena?

The purpose that phenomena serve rather than the causes behind them. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the natural disposition of air and fire?

They ascend upward towards the Moon's orbit. Signup and view all the answers

What principle did Quetelet discover regarding data analysis?

Means of hundreds of observations allow for predictions. Signup and view all the answers

What was Galton's belief regarding mental ability?

It is inherited through genetic quality of the senses. Signup and view all the answers

What does reductionism in psychology emphasize?

Breaking down phenomena to understand fundamental elements. Signup and view all the answers

How did the 'Patient-as-a-person' movement change healthcare approach?

By considering patients' unique contexts and preferences. Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist introduced a method to control confounding variables in experiments?

Fisher. Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of the Prussian educational reform in the 19th century on psychology?

It integrated scientific research into academic careers. Signup and view all the answers

What is the crucial difference between physics and psychology mentioned?

Psychological outcomes vary between individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'l'Homme moyenne' refer to in Quetelet's findings?

The average behavior of individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What is classical conditioning primarily concerned with?

Making associations between stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best reflects the principles of radical behaviourism?

All behaviours can be examined through stimulus-response associations. Signup and view all the answers

What did behaviourism emphasize over introspection?

Observable behaviours of others Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to defining a variable by how it is measured?

Operational definition Signup and view all the answers

Who is primarily associated with the advocacy of radical behaviourism?

B.F. Skinner Signup and view all the answers

What role does evolutionary theory play in the development of behaviourism?

It supports the shift from introspection to observable behaviour. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of S-R psychology, which of the following distinguishes dependent variables?

Measured outcomes based on independent variables Signup and view all the answers

Hull's approach to behaviour predicted outcomes using which method?

Mathematical equations with operational definitions Signup and view all the answers

What is Cartesian dualism primarily concerned with?

The radical distinction between the mental and physical Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the immaterial substance associated with thoughts, feelings, and consciousness?

Res cogitans Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributed significantly to the scientific revolution?

The emergence of a merchant class connecting workers and intellectuals Signup and view all the answers

What problem arises from Cartesian dualism concerning the interaction between mind and body?

How an immaterial substance interacts with a material one Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'Idols of the Marketplace'?

Errors in reasoning stemming from language ambiguity Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant technological advancement that aided the scientific method during the Renaissance?

The mechanical clock Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Experimenta frucifera' refer to in the context of scientific inquiry?

Experiments yielding practical and useful results Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a contributing factor to the scientific revolution?

The establishment of conservative educational institutions Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Idols of the Cave' represent?

Individual biases based on personal experiences Signup and view all the answers

What foundational principle of knowledge is derived through inductive generalization?

Axioms Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the absence of major disasters in the 15th to 19th centuries?

Encouragement for scientific exploration Signup and view all the answers

How did the fall of Constantinople in 1453 influence the scientific revolution?

It prompted Greek scholars to migrate to Italy, enhancing knowledge transfer. Signup and view all the answers

What philosophical stance did Descartes endorse regarding the knowledge of the soul?

The soul possesses innate knowledge accessible through reasoning. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the scientific revolution was NOT encouraged by Protestant Churches?

The study of classical texts Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Summary Exam 1 Fundamentals of Psychology UvA Year 2

The exam covers fundamentals of psychology
The document was written by lottepeerdeman
The notes are available from Stuvia.com
Stuvia is a platform to buy and sell summaries for students.
There is a section for house-moving lawyers specializing in rental law.
Offers study support for students facing difficulty with rental law.
Students can seek help with rental law matters, especially those related to housing corporations.
The document is about the invention of writing, the first written languages, and three kinds of writing systems.
The text also discusses the invention of numbers.
The earliest archaeological evidence suggests counting dates back to 35,000–20,000 BCE.
This includes tally marks and a unary numeral system.
The first written languages appeared in China (around 6000 BCE), Egypt (around 3200 BCE), Sumer (around 3200 BCE), and America (300 BCE).
There are three main kinds of writing systems: pictographs, phonograms, and logographs
Pictographs resemble the things they represent.
Phonograms represent sounds.
Logographs signify spoken words that are disconnected from the physical representations.
Writing allows for an accumulated knowledge base.
The availability of books contributed to student laziness.
Writing systems have orthography, consisting of spelling, capitalization, word separation, and punctuation.
Scholastic methods focused on rote memorization.
Ancient Mesopotamian and Ancient Egyptian civilizations existed in the Fertile Crescent region.
Ancient Mesopotamia had expertise in mathematics, astronomy, and the development of a calendar.
Ancient Egypt displayed proficiency in geometry, calendars and astronomy, including predicting planting and harvesting times.
Ancient Greece involved critical reflection on the universe and human function.
Hippocrates founded modern medicine
Heraclitus and Plato, argued on the nature of a constantly changing world
The first thinker to call philosophy a distinct approach with its own method was Plato.
His ideas included a dual world view
The text discusses Aristotle's classification of knowledge into productive, practical, and theoretical categories.
Aristotle divided knowledge into three kinds: productive, practical, and theoretical.
The Roman Empire appreciated Greek learning, and transmitted it.
The Romans were more interested in practical matters compared to philosophical questions.
The rise of the Roman Empire led to a decline of scientific study.
The text describes the Renaissance and the contribution of scholars such as Euclid to geometry and Archimedes to physics.
The Arab Empire demonstrated an interest in translation and the advancement of learning.
The Dark Ages were a period of diminished scientific advancement in Western Europe.
There was a revival of learning during the Carolingian Empire of the Middle Ages, including an improvement in agriculture, and larger cathedral schools.
The Renaissance is a cultural movement based on the classical Greek and Roman world views.
Colonialism contributed to discussions of Aristotle's ideas
European colonisation led to new insights and knowledge transfer
Bias in history writing can occur due to ethnocentrism and the tendency to focus on individuals.
The text further explores the Enlightenment and the counter-forces that influenced it, such as the Roman Catholic Church and new scientific thoughts.
The text defines the key characteristics of rationalism and empiricism in the context of the Enlightenment.
There are three stages of human thought: theological/religious, metaphysical, and positivist.
Comte is a key figure in positivism and viewed science as the key to progress.
The text discusses the emergence of psychology as an independent discipline, highlighting figures like Wundt, James, and Titchener.
The text also covers important figures in psychology such as Freud, and the development of psychoanalysis and the rise of behaviourism through Pavlov and others.
The emergence of cognitive psychology is also briefly discussed.

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Description

This quiz explores the characteristics and implications of knowledge in preliterate civilizations as discussed by Lindberg. It covers key concepts such as animism, the role of written records in scientific thinking, and philosophical inquiries related to existence and truth. Test your understanding of these foundational ideas in human thought.