30 Questions
Which philosophy of education emphasizes the use of great books and the Liberal Arts?
Essentialism
What is the primary role of the teacher in the Progressivism philosophy of education?
Leader for growth and development of lifelong learners
Which philosophy of education focuses on improving and reconstructing society through education?
Reconstructionism
Who wrote the book "The Curriculum" and is considered the founder of the curriculum development movement?
Franklin Bobbit
What is the primary focus of Essentialism in terms of curriculum content?
Essential skills of the 3Rs and essential subjects
Which of the following trends is associated with the Progressivism philosophy of education?
Equal opportunities for all
What did Werret Charters posit about the curriculum?
Curriculum is a science and should match students' needs
What was William Kilpatrick's view on the purpose of the curriculum?
To develop social relationships and child growth
According to Harold Rugg's perspective, what should the curriculum aim to achieve?
Develop the whole child and produce intended outcomes
What did Ralph Tyler emphasize in his approach to curriculum development?
Curriculum should be based on school philosophy and problem-solving
What was Hilda Taba's contribution to curriculum development?
Contributing to critical thinking and concept development in social studies
Based on the information provided, which statement is true about the curriculum development perspectives discussed?
They advocated for a child-centered approach and developing the whole child
What does a change for the better involve?
Altering and modifying the existing condition
Which phase of curriculum development focuses on school vision, mission, and goals?
Curriculum Planning
What does curriculum designing involve?
Conceptualizing the curriculum
What is the primary focus of curriculum implementing?
Putting the plan into action
Which phase of curriculum development involves determining achieved learning outcomes?
Curriculum Evaluating
What is the purpose of curriculum evaluation?
Measuring learning outcomes
According to Piaget's theory, which of the following stages comes after the preoperational stage?
Concrete operational stage
According to Vygotsky's sociocultural development theory, what precedes development?
Learning
Which of the following is not one of Gardner's multiple intelligences?
Emotional intelligence
According to Goleman, what term did he use to refer to the power of emotion to affect action?
Emotional Quotient
What is the name of Maslow's theory that focuses on human needs and self-actualization?
Self-Actualization Theory
According to Piaget's theory, what is the process of learning modification and adaptation called?
Accommodation
According to humanistic psychology, what is key to producing a healthy and happy learner?
Meeting the child's basic needs
Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of the Gestalt theory of learning?
Learners perceive stimuli in isolation
According to John Dewey's sociological foundation of curriculum, what two fundamental elements needed reconstruction?
Schools and civil society
What did Alvin Toffler believe knowledge should prepare students for?
The future
Which of the following statements about curriculum development is TRUE?
It involves systematic changes
According to the humanistic approach, which of the following is key to learning?
Emphasizing human emotions based on love and trust
Study Notes
Philosophies of Education
- Essentialism: Aim is to promote intellectual growth of learners to become competent, with teachers as sole authorities in the subject area; focus on essential skills of the 3Rs and essential subjects.
- Progressivism: Aim is to promote democratic social living, with teachers leading for growth and development of lifelong learners; focus on interdisciplinary subjects, learner-centered, and outcomes-based.
- Reconstructionism: Aim is to improve and reconstruct society, with education for change; teacher acts as agent of change and reforms, focus on present and future educational landscape.
Historical Foundations of Curriculum Development
- Franklin Bobbit (1876-1956): Considered curriculum as a science that emphasizes students' needs, prepares learners for adult life, and objectives and activities should group together when tasks are clarified.
- Werrett Charters (1875-1952): Emphasized that curriculum is science and emphasizes students' needs, with objectives and activities matching and subject matter relating to objectives.
- William Kilpatrick (1875-1952): Introduced the project method where teacher and student plan activities, with curriculum developing social relationships and small group discussion.
- Harold Rugg (1886-1960): Focused on developing the whole child, with curriculum being child-centered and producing outcomes.
- Ralph Tyler (1902-1994): Considered curriculum as a science and an extension of school's philosophy, based on students' needs and interest, and emphasizing problem-solving.
- Hilda Taba (1902-1967): Contributed to the theoretical and pedagogical foundations of concepts development and critical thinking in social studies curriculum.
Curriculum Development Process
- Curriculum Planning: Considers the school vision, mission, and goals, as well as the philosophy or strong education belief of the school.
- Curriculum Designing: Involves the selection and organization of content, learning experiences, and assessment procedures to measure achieved learning outcomes.
- Curriculum Implementing: Putting into action the plan based on the curriculum design in the classroom setting or learning environment.
- Curriculum Evaluating: Determines the extent to which the desired outcomes have been achieved, with an ongoing procedure to find out the progress of learning.
Theorists and Their Contributions
- Jean Piaget (1896-1980): Introduced the cognitive development theory, with stages from birth to maturity, and keys to learning including assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration.
- Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934): Focused on cultural transmission and development, with learning preceding development, and sociocultural development theory.
- Howard Gardner: Introduced the multiple intelligences theory, with eight intelligences including linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, and more.
- Daniel Goleman: Emphasized the importance of emotional intelligence, with emotion containing the power to affect action.
- Abraham Maslow (1908-1970): Advanced the self-actualization theory and classic theory of human needs, with importance on human emotions, based on love and trust.
Humanistic Psychology and Gestalt Theory
- Gestalt Theory: Learning is explained in terms of wholeness of the problem, with human beings responding to an organization or pattern of stimuli, and learners analyzing problems, discriminating between essential and nonessential data, and perceiving relationships.
Social Foundations of Curriculum
- John Dewey: Considered schools and civil society as major topics needing attention and reconstruction to encourage experimental intelligence and popularity.
- Alvin Toffler: Believed that knowledge should prepare students for the future, with schools and students working creatively, collaboratively, and independently of their age.
Explore the key differences between Essentialism and Progressivism philosophies of education, focusing on the promotion of intellectual growth and democratic social living. Essentialism emphasizes on essential skills and subjects, while Progressivism focuses on lifelong learning and cultural literacy.
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