Philippine History and Globalization Quiz

Historical Influences

• Spanish colonization introduced Catholicism, Spanish language, and Hispanic cultural elements.
• American colonization brought Western education, democracy, and English language. The fight for independence shaped Filipino nationalism and pride.

Cultural Diversity

• The Philippines is home to a diverse array of ethno-linguistic groups. Each possesses unique traditions, languages, and customs.
• Over 180 languages and a rich tapestry of cultural practices contribute to Filipino identity's complexity.

Geographical Influences

• The Philippines’ Southeast Asian location, archipelagic nature (over 7,000 islands), and exposure to trade routes influenced interactions with neighboring countries and cultures.

Political and Socio-economic Factors

• Socio-economic disparities, political instability, and issues like corruption and poverty influence Filipino identity.

Globalization and Modernization

• Exposure to global trends and influences, paired with modernization, resulted in shifting traditional values and norms. This impacts evolving Filipino identity.

Development of Philippine Contemporary Society

• Philippine development is shaped by significant historical events.
  • Philippine Revolution (1896-1898): A crucial turning point against Spanish rule, led by leaders like Bonifacio and Aguinaldo. This led to the declaration of independence in 1898.
  • American Colonization (1898-1946): Following the Spanish-American War, the Philippines came under American rule. Colonialism brought changes like democratic institutions, public education, and English language.
  • World War II and Japanese Occupation (1941-1945): The Philippines was a major WWII theater, invaded and occupied by Japanese forces (1942-1945). Significant wartime destruction, atrocities (like the Bataan Death March), and Filipino resistance movements defined this period.
  • Martial Law under Ferdinand Marcos (1972-1986): Marcos declared Martial Law, establishing authoritarian rule known for political repression, censorship, and human rights abuses. His eventual ouster through the 1986 People Power Revolution restored democracy.
  • People Power Revolutions (1986, 2001): The 1986 People Power Revolution, also known as the EDSA Revolution, brought down the Marcos dictatorship, restoring democracy.

Globalization

• Globalization makes the world more interconnected; people's lives, cultures, and communication are linked globally.
• Cultural exchanges, technology, and shared problems play crucial roles in this interconnectedness.

Forms of Globalization

• Economic Globalization: The growing integration and interdependence of national economies worldwide, including cross-border trade, capital flow, technology spread, and labor movement.
• Cultural Globalization: Shared cultural practices, values, and norms across national borders, leading to interconnectedness and sometimes homogenization of cultures. This is driven by technology, communication, and transportation. (e.g., the Korean Wave).
• Political Globalization: Increasing interconnectedness of political systems and the influence of international actors, institutions, and processes on national and global politics. (e.g., the United Nations).
• Technological Globalization: The spread and use of technology across international borders, creating both greater connection and a need for new technology (e.g., social media).
• Environmental Globalization: Interconnectedness of environmental issues on a global scale, emphasizing the need for international cooperation to address them. (e.g., electric vehicles).

Global Economy

• World-System Theory (Wallerstein): Colonization is viewed not simply as a colonizer controlling a colony, but rather as a complex interaction within a larger system (global economy). The world economy is divided into a core, periphery, and semi-periphery based on economic power.

Actors that Facilitate Economic Globalization

• International Monetary Fund (IMF): An organization that aims to maintain economic stability and growth globally by offering loans, advice, and support to countries facing economic issues.
• International Financial Institutions (IFIs): Groups like the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) that provide financial aid for large projects and offer advice on economic policy.
• Transnational Corporations (TNCs): Large multinational businesses that operate in multiple countries and invest in local economies, creating jobs and bringing technology.
• Global Civil Society: Non-governmental organizations, social movements, and individuals working together across borders to address global issues and promote human rights.

Market Integration

• Market Integration: The ease with which two or more markets can trade, facilitated by reduced barriers. (e.g., Facebook acquiring WhatsApp and Instagram to expand its market)
• Reasons for Market Integration: Removing transaction costs, fostering competition, improving supply security, and better decision-making in production/consumption.
• Indicators of Market Integration: Prices and goods moving proportionally within a region.
• Types of Market Integration: Horizontal integration (firms performing similar functions), vertical integration (firms performing multiple stages of production), and Conglomeration (combining unrelated agencies under unified management). Subtypes of vertical integration include forward and backward integration.

Ten Principles of Economic

• Principle 1: People face tradeoffs: To get something, you have to give up something else.
• Principle 2: The cost of something is what you give up to get it: The opportunity cost is included.
• Principle 3: Rational people think at the margin: People make decisions by comparing small additional benefits and costs.
• Principle 4: People respond to incentives: Choices and behavior change in response to rewards and punishments.
• Principle 5: Trade can make everyone better off: Specialization and exchange benefit all parties involved.
• Principle 6: Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity: Prices allocate resources efficiently in free markets.
• Principle 7: Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes: Governments intervene when markets fail (e.g., fairness, efficiency).
• Principle 8: A country's standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services: A productive economy leads to a higher standard of living.
• Principle 9: Prices rise when the government prints too much money: Inflation results from excessive money supply.
• Principle 10: Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment: Reducing inflation can temporarily increase unemployment.