GEN-005_P1-REVIEWER PDF - Factors Affecting Philippine Society

Sa mga kabataan dyan, GOOD LUCK TOMORROW!!! GEN 005 MODULE 1 Factors affecting the development of Philippine Society Historical Influences Spanish colonization introduced Catholicism, Spanish language, and Hispanic cultural elements. American colonization brought Western education, democracy, an...

Sa mga kabataan dyan, GOOD LUCK TOMORROW!!! GEN 005 MODULE 1 Factors affecting the development of Philippine Society Historical Influences Spanish colonization introduced Catholicism, Spanish language, and Hispanic cultural elements. American colonization brought Western education, democracy, and English language. The struggle for independence and the resistance against colonial rule also shaped Filipino nationalism and pride. Cultural Diversity The Philippines is home to a diverse array of ethno-linguistic groups, each with its own unique traditions, languages, and customs. This diversity, encompassing over 180 languages and a rich tapestry of cultural practices, contributes to the complexity of Filipino identity. Geographical Influences The Philippines’ geographical location in Southeast Asia, its archipelagic nature comprising over 7,000 islands, and its exposure to various trade routes have influenced its interactions with neighboring countries and cultures. Political and Socio-economic Factors Socio-economic disparities, political instability, and issues such as corruption and poverty also influence Filipino identity Globalization and Modernization Exposure to global trends and influences, coupled with modernization, has led to shifts in traditional values and norms, influencing the evolving Filipino identity. Development of Philippine Contemporary Society The development of contemporary Philippine society has been shaped by a series of significant event throughout its history. Here are five key events: 1. Philippine Revolution (1896-1898) The Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule marked a crucial turning point in Philippine history. Led by revolutionary leaders such as Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo, Filipinos rose up against Spanish oppression to fight for independence. The revolution eventually led to the declaration of Philippine independence on June 12, 1898, and laid the groundwork for the establishment of a sovereign Filipino nation. 2. American Colonization (1898-1946) Following the Spanish-American War and the Treaty of Paris in 1898, the Philippines came under american rule. American colonization brought significant changes to Philippine society, including the introduction of democratic institutions, public education, and English language. 3. World War II and Japanese Occupation (1941-1945) The Philippines became a major theater of World War II, with Japanese forces invading and occupying the country from 1942 to 1945. The wartime experience was marked by widespread destruction, atrocities such as the Bataan Death March, and the resilience of Filipino resistance movements. 4. Martial Law under Ferdinand Marcos (1972-1986) The declaration of Martial Law by President Ferdinand Marcos in 1972 marked a period of authoritarian rule characterized by political repression, censorship, and human rights abuses. The assassination of opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983 sparked outrage and eventually led to the historic People Power Revolution in 1986, which ousted Marcos from power and restored democracy in the Philippines. 5. People Power Revolutions (1986, 2001) The People Power Revolution of 1986, also known as the EDSA Revolution, was a peaceful uprising that brought about the downfall of the Marcos dictatorship and restored democracy in the Philippines. MODULE 2 Globalization means the world is becoming more connected. People’s lives are linked to those in other countries in many ways. We can see this connection in sharing cultures, using technology to stay in touch, and working together on big problems. One important way of connecting with others around the world is through cultural exchanges. Cultural exchanges let people learn about different cultures, widen their views, and make friends from different backgrounds. This can happen by traveling to new places, hosting students from other countries, going to multicultural events, or joining online groups. Technology has changed how we communicate and connect, making it easier to talk to people from anywhere. Three Big Ideas About Globalization Neoliberalism: This idea supports free markets, less government control, and personal freedom. It encourages open trade and the movement of goods and money. Cultural Homogenization: This idea says globalization makes cultures more alike and can reduce cultural diversity. For instance, if fast-food chains and global brands take over a small town, local businesses might struggle. Technological Determinism: This idea says technology shapes society and drives globalization. Advances in technology, like smartphones and the internet, make global connections faster and change how we interact. MODULE 3 Forms of Globalization Economic Globalization - refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of national economies worldwide. This process involves the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, the flow of international capital, the vast and rapid spread of technology, and the global labor movement. ex: Multinational Corporations (MNCs) Cultural Globalization - refers to the phenomenon where cultural practices, values, and norms are shared and exchanged across national borders, leading to greater interconnectedness and sometimes homogenization of cultures. This process is driven by various factors, including technological advancements, communication, and transportation, which facilitate the global flow of information, people, and cultural products. ex: The Korean Wave (Hallyu) Political Globalization - refers to the increasing interconnectedness of political systems and the growing influence of international actors, institutions, and processes on national and global politics. It involves expanding political activities and decision-making beyond national boundaries, leading to greater cooperation, integration, and governance at the global level. ex: The United Nations (UN) Technological Globalization - this refers to the world’s through technology. This includes, spreading, and using technologies across international borders. It is a two-way street: globalization creates a need for new technologies, which help globalize the world further. ex: Social Media Application Environmental Globalization - this refers to the interconnectedness of environmental issues on a global scale, where environmental problems transcend national borders and require collaborative efforts to address effectively. ex: The Rise of Electric Vehicles (EVs) MODULE 4 Global Economy Back in 1974, Immanuel Wallerstein published a groundbreaking book that has become a key reference point for understanding globalization. His theory, called world-system theory, challenged the traditional view of colonization. The traditional view of colonization often focuses on a single powerful country (the colonizer) taking control of a less powerful territory (the colony). Wallerstein proposes a bigger picture. He proposed that the world economy is divided into two main areas: the CORE (strong countries with strong economies and a lot of control) ex. USA, GERMANY the PERIPHERY (less developed countries that often provide raw materials for the core). ex. Many AFRICAN NATIONS the SEMI – PERIPHERY, which might process or distribute these resources. ex. BRAZIL, INDIA Actors that Facilitate Economic Globalization International Monetary Fund (IMF) - the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization that helps countries maintain economic stability and growth. It provides loans, advice, and support to countries facing economic problems. Example: Nigeria receives loans to combat financial crises and improve banking systems. International Financial Institutions (IFIs) - International Financial Institutions (IFIs) include organizations like the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). they provide financial help for big projects, such as building roads and bridges, and offer advice on economic policies. Example: World Bank funds new highways in the Philippines. ADB advises on project management. Transnational Corporations (TNCs) - Transnational Corporations (TNCs) are big companies that operate in multiple countries. They invest in local economies, create jobs, and bring new technologies and skills. Example: A tech company builds a smartphone factory in the Philippines, Boosting jobs and local suppliers. Global Civil Society  - Global Civil Society includes non-governmental organizations (NGOs), social movements, and individuals working together across borders to address global issues and advocate for human rights and social justice. Example: After Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines, NGOs like Red Cross provided relief and recovery aid. MARKET INTEGRATION The ease with which two or more markets can trade with each other. Foreign trade facilitates market integration by reducing trade barriers and increasing market fluidity. Example: Facebook’s acquisition of WhatsApp and Instagram to expand its market. Reasons for Market Integration Remove transaction costs. Foster competition. Provide better signals for optimal decisions on generation and consumption. Improve the security of supply. Indicators of Market Integration Prices among different locations or related goods follow similar patterns over time. Goods often move proportionally to each other.  A marketer acts as an integrator, gathering inputs and feedback to deliver product solutions by coordinating multiple organizational functions. Examples: Food retailers establish wholesaling facilities A milk processor sets up another plant. Facebook’s acquisition of Instagram and WhatsApp. TYPES OF MARKET INTEGRATION 1. HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION Firms or agencies perform similar marketing functions at the same level in the marketing sequence. Agencies combine to reduce competition and achieve economies of scale. 2. VERTICAL INTEGRATION A firm performs more than one activity in the marketing process. Links multiple stages of production or marketing under one ownership. Subtypes: Forward Integration: Taking on a marketing function closer to the consumer. Example: A wholesaler becoming a retailer.  Backward Integration: Owning or combining sources of supply. Example: A processing firm assembling raw products directly from producers. Balanced Vertical Integration: Combines both forward and backward integration. 3. CONGLOMERATION Combines unrelated agencies or activities under unified management. Advantages: Risk reduction through diversification. Acquisition of financial leverage. Enables empire-building. Examples in the Philippines: SM Group of Companies. Gokongwei Group of Companies. PHINMA Group of Companies. MODULE 5 Ten Principles of Economic How People Make Decisions (Microeconomics) Principle # 1. People face tradeoffs. - To get one thing, you must give up something else. Kapag may pinili ka, may isang bagay kang hindi makukuha. Hindi puwedeng lahat makuha mo. Wag abusado ha! Principle #2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it. - The real cost of something includes what you sacrifice to obtain it. Hindi lang pera ang puhunan mo sa isang bagay, kasama na pati oras, effort, or ibang opportunity na binitiwan mo para ma get ito. Principle #3. Rational people think at the margin. - People make decisions by comparing small additional benefits and costs. Mag-iisip ka muna kung sulit ba ang yung bagay na pipiliin. Like, kung mas malaki ba pakinabang mo kaysa gastos?, then saka mo lang siya papatulan. (papatulan?!) Principle #4. People respond to incentives. - People’s choices and behavior change based on rewards and punishments. Kapag may dagdag na benefits, mas ganado ang tao. Idk kung paano namn if punishments . Baka if may punishment, magdadalawang isip k. How People Interact (Microeconomics) Principle #5. Trade can make everyone better off. - Trade allows people to specialize and exchange goods, benefiting all parties. Mas okay if may palitan ng produkto o serbisyo. Kung anong wala sa’yo, pwede mong makuha sa iba kapalit ng kaya mong ibigay. Palitan lang ba. Sana ol dba Principle #6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity. - In a free market, prices help allocate resources efficiently. Like, if yung product is popular, syempre maraming bibili, so ang gagawin nila, tataasan nila yung price nung product. (Ganya ata?) Principle #7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes. - The government steps in when markets fail, ensuring fairness and efficiency. Ano lang dito if may problema sa economy, like sobrang taas ng presyo o kulang na supply, dapat kumilos ang gobyerno to solve it. (Government ang bahala ba) How the Economy as a Whole Works (Macroeconomics) Principle #8. A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services. - A productive economy leads to better living conditions. Kung mas maraming nagagawang products and services ang isang country (country?!), mas giginhawa ang buhay ng mga persons. Principle #9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money. - Inflation happens when there is too much money in circulation. Kung parami nang parami ang pera pero hindi naman dumadami ang products, tataas ang price ng mga bilihin. Principle #10. Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. - Reducing inflation can temporarily increase unemployment. If ano, pinigilan (pinigilan?!) yung pagtaas ng price, minsan nagiging effect nito ay mas kaunting trabaho para sa tao.