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PRIMARY SOURCE are those produced at the same time as the ______, period or subject being studied.
event
SECONDARY SOURCE are those sources used by the author who used primary sources to produce the ______.
materials
EXAMPLE OF PRIMARY SOURCE: Photographs that may reflect social conditions of historical realities and ______ life.
everyday
Cartoons for political expression or ______.
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Material evidence of prehistoric past like cave drawings, old ______ and charts.
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Oral history or recordings by electronic means of accounts of eyewitness or participants; the recordings are then ______ and used for research.
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Cases of forgery and mislabeling are common in Philippine __________.
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One example is the discovery of Ambeth Ocampo of the alleged draft of Rizal’s third novel, the __________.
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The stacks of writings were labeled Borrador Del Noli Me __________.
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The story of Roman Roque who allegedly forged the signature of Gen. Urbano Lacuna that led to the captivity of Gen. Emilio __________.
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Historians should be able to conduct external and internal criticism of the source, especially of the sources which can age in __________.
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EXTERNAL CRITICISM: The practice of verifying the authenticity of the evidence by examining its physical characteristics, consistency with the historical characteristics of the time when it was produced, and the materials used for the evidence. Type of ink __________ used.
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One of the scandalous cases of deception in Philippine history is the hoax _____ of Kalantiaw
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Ferdinand Marcos claimed that he was a decorated World War II soldier who led a guerilla unit called 'Ang Maharlika'. This claim was disproven when historians counterchecked Marcos's claim with the war records of the United States. This shows how _____ can propagate without rigorous historical research
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Historians examine the circumstances of production and truthfulness of evidence by looking at the author of the source, its context, the agenda behind its creation, the knowledge which informed it, and intended purposes to determine its _____
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The document known as the Code of Kalantiaw was regarded as an important precolonial document until _____
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Students of history widely believed Ferdinand Marcos's claim about leading a guerilla unit called 'Ang Maharlika' because he had _____ to show
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Historians select the most relevant and meaningful historical sources for the subject matter they are studying through rigorous historical _____
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Study Notes
Primary and Secondary Sources
- Primary sources are produced concurrently with the period or subject being analyzed.
- Secondary sources derive their information from primary sources, enabling authors to create new interpretations.
Examples of Primary Sources
- Photographs document social conditions and historical realities, as well as everyday life.
- Political cartoons serve as expressions of political views and sentiments.
- Material evidence includes prehistoric artifacts, cave drawings, and historical data such as old maps and charts.
- Oral histories and recordings capture firsthand accounts from eyewitnesses or participants, later utilized for research.
Forgery and Mislabeling in Philippine History
- Cases of forgery are prevalent, including the mislabeling of historical documents.
- Ambeth Ocampo discovered a draft of Rizal’s alleged third novel, labeled "Borrador Del Noli Me Tangere."
- The story of Roman Roque involved forging General Urbano Lacuna's signature, leading to the capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo.
Criticism of Historical Sources
- Historians perform external and internal criticisms to assess the reliability and authenticity of sources, especially as they age.
- External criticism involves verifying the physical characteristics and historical consistency of an evidence item, including the type of ink used.
Notorious Deceptions
- The hoax concerning the Code of Kalantiaw is one of the most notorious in Philippine history.
- Ferdinand Marcos falsely claimed to be a decorated World War II soldier and the leader of a guerilla unit called 'Ang Maharlika', a claim later disproven through U.S. war records.
- This example illustrates how historical inaccuracies can flourish without thorough research.
Evaluating Historical Evidence
- Historians scrutinize the circumstances surrounding the creation of evidence, including the author's background, contextual factors, agendas, and intended purposes to establish authenticity.
- The Code of Kalantiaw was mistakenly regarded as a significant precolonial document before its authenticity was challenged.
Challenges in Historical Beliefs
- Marcos's war claims gained traction because he presented purported evidence, misleading students of history.
- Rigorous historical research is critical for historians when selecting pertinent and meaningful sources for their studies.
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Description
Delve into the challenges of Philippine historiography by examining cases of forgery and mislabeling in historical sources. Learn about the discovery of alleged drafts and forged signatures, such as the case of Rizal's third novel and Gen. Urbano Lacuna. Test your knowledge on detecting historical deception.
