Philippine Entomology History Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Who was the first President of the Philippine Entomological Society?

L.C. Rimando

S.M. Cendaña (correct)

R.G. Basio

B.P. Gabriel

What was the significance of the year 1968 in Philippine entomology?

First monographic treatment of Philippine mosquitoes

Publication of the Philippine Entomologist journal (correct)

Founding of the National Crop Protection Center

First National Symposium in Philippine Entomology

Who published the first monographic treatment of Philippine mosquitoes?

R.G. Basio

Delfinado (correct)

L.C. Rimando

C.R. Baltazar

What type of organ is NOT typically found in the head of an insect?

Digestive tract Signup and view all the answers

Which insect order's first catalogue was published by a Filipino?

Hymenoptera Signup and view all the answers

What was established in 1976 that contributed to crop protection in the Philippines?

National Crop Protection Center Signup and view all the answers

Which mosquito species is specifically noted for its medical importance?

Anopheles Signup and view all the answers

In what year did the First National Meeting of the Philippine Association of Entomologists take place?

1967 Signup and view all the answers

What structure is included in the pretarsus?

Pulvilli Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary adaptation of forelegs in raptorial insects?

Sharp opposing spines and spurs Signup and view all the answers

Which leg adaptation is specifically suited for swimming?

Natatorial Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the arolium in insects?

Adhesive pad for attachment Signup and view all the answers

Which insect primarily utilizes saltatorial adaptations?

Grasshoppers Signup and view all the answers

What insect type is known for its fossorial leg adaptation?

Mole crickets Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is associated with the terminal segment of the tarsus?

Tarsal claws Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is used by insects for assembling pollen?

Hind tibiae with hairs Signup and view all the answers

What type of insects have adapted legs primarily for running and walking?

Cursorial insects Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of functional wings in insects?

They exist only during the adult stage. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hindgut primarily serve in the excretory system of insects?

Absorption of water, salt, and amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary waste product converted from ammonium ions in the Malpighian tubules?

Uric acid Signup and view all the answers

Which component increases the efficiency of water recovery in the hindgut?

Rectal pads Signup and view all the answers

What is the cryptonephridial arrangement in the excretory system?

The complex of rectum and Malpighian tubules within a membrane Signup and view all the answers

What function do potassium ions (K) perform in the excretory system?

Pump amino acids, salt, and water back to hemolymph Signup and view all the answers

What type of larvae is characterized by a cylindrical body with short thoracic legs and fleshy abdominal prolegs?

Eruciform Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Campodeiform larvae?

Elongated and flattened with prominent antennae Signup and view all the answers

Which of these groups does NOT include larvae that have a crawler type?

Lepidoptera Signup and view all the answers

What type of food do Lepidoptera larvae consume?

Solid food Signup and view all the answers

Which group is associated with larvae that have a crawler type and can often be found with prominent cerci?

Coleoptera Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following combinations most accurately matches the larval types with their descriptions?

Campodeiform – elongated, flattened body Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of fleshy abdominal prolegs do Eruciform larvae typically have?

2-10 pairs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thoracic legs found in Eruciform larvae?

Locomotion Signup and view all the answers

What type of feeding mechanism do adult Lepidoptera primarily use?

Sucking up nectar Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of larvae found in Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera groups?

Presence of fleshy prolegs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pyloric sphincter in the digestive system?

To regulate the passage of waste to the hindgut Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in the chewing and cutting feeding process?

Making mechanical connection with the food source Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the recognition of the target in the piercing-sucking feeding process?

To inform the insect when it has reached the food Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is essential for the uptake of food in piercing-sucking insects?

A structure to convey food to the mouth Signup and view all the answers

What type of mouthparts do insects with biting and chewing feeding mechanisms utilize?

Chewing and cutting components Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is important in the deep penetration phase of the piercing-sucking feeding process?

Adapting mechanisms to traverse barriers Signup and view all the answers

In chewing insects, what is the role of the lubricating fluid?

To facilitate movement of food through the gut Signup and view all the answers

What is needed to create a pressure gradient in the food canal of piercing-sucking insects?

Pumping devices for food transport Signup and view all the answers

Which method is essential for the detachment of food pieces in chewing insects?

Mechanical action of mouthparts Signup and view all the answers

Which feeding mechanism requires the use of specialized structures like stylets?

Piercing-Sucking Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiates Class Arachnida from Class Crustacea?

Presence of chelicerae Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of centipedes belonging to Class Chilopoda?

External segmentation is distinct Signup and view all the answers

In Class Diplopoda, how is the thorax characterized?

Each thoracic segment has two pairs of legs Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is unique to the reproductive system of Class Crustacea?

Paired gonopores at base of thoracic appendages Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the body structure of organisms in Class Arachnida from those in Class Diplopoda?

Tagmata composed of prosoma and opisthosoma Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable feature of the appendages found in Class Crustacea?

Biramous type with two branches Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive structure is associated with Class Chilopoda?

Gonopore on segment 4 of trunk Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of appendages in Class Arachnida?

Four pairs of legs Signup and view all the answers

What function do the alary muscles serve in the insect heart?

They force hemolymph forward from chamber to chamber. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ostia during the diastolic phase of the heart?

They open to allow inflow of hemolymph. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of insect hemolymph?

About 90% plasma, a watery fluid. Signup and view all the answers

What role do the blood sinuses play in the insect's circulatory system?

They facilitate the circulation of hemolymph throughout the body. Signup and view all the answers

What can overwintering insects accumulate in their hemolymph to prevent freezing?

Compounds such as ribulose, trehalose, or glycerol. Signup and view all the answers

What does the coronal suture typically do on an insect's head capsule?

Splits into two frontal sutures Signup and view all the answers

Which sclerite lies between the frontal sutures on an insect's head?

Frons Signup and view all the answers

Where can the occipital suture be found on an insect's head?

Surrounding the head capsule's posterior margin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cervical membrane in insects?

To allow head movement Signup and view all the answers

Which sclerite is identified as the 'cheek' of the insect's head?

Genae Signup and view all the answers

What is the postoccipital suture a remnant of in insect evolution?

The sixth body segment Signup and view all the answers

What separates the frons from the clypeus on the insect's head?

Epistomal suture Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that serves as a point of attachment for muscles controlling head movements?

Cervical sclerites Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a remnant of the primitive segments in the head structure of insects?

Postgenae Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the apodeme found in the insect head capsule?

Strengthening the structure Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antennae is characterized by segments becoming more slender dorsally?

Setaceous Signup and view all the answers

Which antennae type has segments that are nearly uniform in size and cylindrical?

Filiform Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antennae is described as abruptly clubbed?

Capitate Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mouthparts is commonly found in insects that engage in biting and chewing?

Mandible Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antennae is known for having segments with long, slender lateral processes?

Pectinate Signup and view all the answers

In insects with aristate antennae, what is a notable feature of the last segment?

It bears a conspicuous arista. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antennae is represented by the female giant click beetle?

Serrate Signup and view all the answers

What type of antennae is most closely associated with male mosquitoes?

Plumose Signup and view all the answers

Which antennae type is characterized by segments that are similar in size and cylindrical shape?

Moniliform Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mouthparts do insects with piercing and sucking feeding mechanisms primarily utilize?

Stylet Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thorax in insects?

Locomotion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT part of the leg structure in insects?

Mesopectus Signup and view all the answers

How many segments make up the thoracic structure of an insect?

Three Signup and view all the answers

What are the dorsal sclerites of the thoracic segments called?

Notum Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the maxillae and labium in bees?

Absorbing nectar Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the insect leg articulates with the coxa?

Trochanter Signup and view all the answers

What role does the pleural apodeme serve in the thorax of insects with wings?

Fulcrum for the base of the wing Signup and view all the answers

What type of mouthparts do bees use for manipulating nest materials?

Chewing-lapping Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is involved in strengthening the sides of the thorax?

Apodeme Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of walking legs an insect typically has?

Six Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first Filipino to obtain a doctoral degree in entomology?

Leopoldo B. Uichanco Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the Plant Pest Section after it became a separate division?

Entomology Signup and view all the answers

In which year was the Locust Scouting Act passed, providing funding for locust control efforts?

1924 Signup and view all the answers

Which method was reported as effective for the control of migratory locusts in 1923?

Use of soap as an insecticide Signup and view all the answers

What significant event did H.E. Woodworth publish in 1921-1922 related to harmful insects?

First comprehensive host-index of insects injurious to crops Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable contribution of Otanes in 1918?

Research on beanfly biology Signup and view all the answers

Which insect was introduced to Hawaii to control the melon fly?

Opius humilis Signup and view all the answers

What was the first private donation to the University for entomological work, and how much was it?

PhP4,000.00 for insectary construction Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antennae is characterized by segments that are gradually increased in size?

Clavate Signup and view all the answers

What type of antennae is known for being thread-like and nearly uniform in size?

Filiform Signup and view all the answers

Which antennae type has segments that are described as bead-like?

Moniliform Signup and view all the answers

Which antennae type exhibits a saw-toothed appearance, particularly towards the distal half?

Serrate Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antennae is primarily associated with male glow-worms?

Pectinate Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antennae has a distinctive feather-like or brush-like appearance due to segments with whorls of long hairs?

Plumose Signup and view all the answers

Which antennae type is characterized by an abrupt club-like formation at the end?

Capitate Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antennae is typically found in bees and ants, characterized by being elbowed?

Geniculate Signup and view all the answers

What type of antennae has nested plates and is typically associated with scarab beetles?

Lamellate Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antennae is often described as having an elongate terminal finger-like process?

Stylate Signup and view all the answers

What role do alary muscles play in the insect heart?

They aid in the circulation of hemolymph by contracting. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for the direction of hemolymph flow in the insect heart?

Ostia Signup and view all the answers

What primarily contributes to the prevention of freezing in overwintering insects?

Presence of ribulose, trehalose, or glycerol in hemolymph. Signup and view all the answers

How does the contraction rate of the insect heart generally respond to changes in temperature?

It tends to rise as temperature or activity level increases. Signup and view all the answers

What function do the dorsal and ventral diaphragms serve in the insect body cavity?

They separate the body cavity into compartments for hemolymph circulation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Malpighian tubules in insects?

Ionic regulation and excretion Signup and view all the answers

How does an open circulatory system differ from a closed circulatory system?

Blood makes direct contact with all internal tissues in an open system. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the dorsal vessel play in the circulatory system of insects?

It pumps hemolymph towards the head. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of hemolymph in an insect's body?

It provides nutrients and protects against parasites. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant physiological function of the hydraulic properties of hemolymph?

Facilitating physical movements and expansion after molting. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the circulatory system is primarily involved in sealing off wounds?

Clotting reaction mechanisms in hemolymph Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the roles of hemolymph beyond nutrient transport?

Generating hydrostatic pressure for movement. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adaptations is important for thermoregulation in some insects?

Circulation of hemolymph to conduct heat away Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a critical function of the insect's circulatory system during molting?

It aids in physical movements and body expansion. Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation do the distal ends of the Malpighian tubules provide for caterpillars?

Optimization of water reabsorption from the hindgut Signup and view all the answers

What type of body structure is characteristic of Scarabaeiform larvae?

Robust and 'C'-shaped with no abdominal prolegs Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation is observed in Elateriform larvae regarding their legs?

Very short thoracic legs with a hard exoskeleton Signup and view all the answers

Identify the key feature of the body structure in Eruciform larvae.

Robust and 'C'-shaped with prominent prolegs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the thoracic legs found in most larvae?

Short and often not used for locomotion Signup and view all the answers

Which larval type is characterized by a hard exoskeleton and very short thoracic legs?

Elateriform Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of body shape and leg adaptation in Scarabaeiform larvae?

Robust, 'C'-shaped with short thoracic legs Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishing characteristic defines Elateriform larvae?

Characterized by a hard exoskeleton and cylindrical shape Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about Scarabaeiform larvae?

They have no abdominal prolegs and a robust body. Signup and view all the answers

What type of body shape do Eruciform larvae typically exhibit?

Robust and 'C'-shaped Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is least likely associated with Elateriform larvae?

Robust 'C'-shaped structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Malpighian tubules in caterpillars?

Ionic regulation Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the circulatory system of insects?

It relies on hemolymph which flows freely in body cavities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the dorsal vessel in an insect's circulatory system?

Conducts hemolymph from the abdomen to the head Signup and view all the answers

How does the insect circulatory system contribute to thermoregulation?

By conducting excess heat away or circulating absorbed heat Signup and view all the answers

In what way does hemolymph differ from blood in a closed circulatory system?

Hemolymph makes direct contact with tissues and organs. Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first entomological investigator to visit the Philippines?

Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the introduction of the starling in 1849?

Control of locust population Signup and view all the answers

Which entomologist published characteristics of new insects from Manila in 1837?

J.O. Westwood Signup and view all the answers

What did Carl Stal contribute to the field of entomology related to the Philippines in 1870?

Publication on Hemiptera Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Hugh Cuming collect important insect specimens in Luzon?

1830 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of insects did Hans Herman Behr specifically focus on during his stay in the Philippines?

Lepidoptera Signup and view all the answers

Which entomology-related event occurred with the opening of the port of Manila in 1830?

Access for foreign explorers to the Philippines Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of the publications resulting from German entomologist Carl Semper's collections?

Lepidoptera Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first to establish veterinary entomology in the Philippines?

M.S. Mitzmain Signup and view all the answers

What significant chemical discovery in pest control was presented by F.O. Cevallos?

Kerosene emulsion and white arsenic Signup and view all the answers

Which act initiated the first Plant Quarantine Law in the Philippines?

Act No. 2145 Signup and view all the answers

What year did the Department of Entomology get established at the U.P. College of Agriculture?

1910 Signup and view all the answers

Who were the primary contributors to augmenting the knowledge of Philippine insect fauna?

Charles F. Baker and Julian Valdez Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the Philippine Agriculturist and Forester journal founded?

1911 Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the earliest works on invasive pest control chemicals used in the Philippines?

Bordeaux mixture Signup and view all the answers

Which insect pest was identified by M.S. Mitzmain as a vector for surra in carabaos?

Tabanus stratus Signup and view all the answers

Which section was first headed by C.R. Jones in the Bureau of Agriculture?

Plant Industry Division Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable legislation enacted in 1915 regarding pests?

Locust Act No. 2472 Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is responsible for sucking food into the pharynx in insects with piercing/sucking mouthparts?

Cibarial pump Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the proventriculus in the digestive system of insects?

Grinding food particles Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves to regulate the flow of food from the stomodeum to the mesenteron?

Stomodeal valve Signup and view all the answers

Where does enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption primarily occur in the insect alimentary canal?

Ventriculus Signup and view all the answers

Which component provides extra surface area for enzyme secretion or absorption in the midgut?

Gastric caecae Signup and view all the answers

What type of membrane protects the delicate digestive cells in the midgut without inhibiting absorption?

Peritrophic membrane Signup and view all the answers

In what manner do food particles move from the pharynx to the esophagus?

Peristalsis Signup and view all the answers

What function is performed by salivary enzymes in the buccal cavity?

Digestion of proteins Signup and view all the answers

How is the midgut protected given that it is derived from embryonic endoderm?

Through a peritrophic membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the crop in the digestive system of insects?

Storage of food Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ungues in the pretarsus?

To act as a claw for grasping Signup and view all the answers

Which leg adaptation best describes the forelegs of a praying mantid?

Adapted for catching prey Signup and view all the answers

How are natatorial legs adapted for their function?

Flattened and equipped with long hairs Signup and view all the answers

Which description fits the characteristics of fossorial leg adaptations?

Legs equipped with scraper-like parts for digging Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pulvilli in the pretarsus structure?

To provide additional gripping ability Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation is characteristic of insects that depend on clinging to a host?

Hook-like tarsus to grasp hosts Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leg adaptation would you expect to see in grasshoppers?

Saltatorial legs Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the arolium in the pretarsus?

To provide a sticky surface for adhesion Signup and view all the answers

Which insect is noted for having fossorial adaptations and is known for its digging behavior?

Mole crickets Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adaptations would be most beneficial for an insect that primarily swims?

Natatorial legs with flattened segments Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the modification of the hindgut in caterpillars?

Enhancing ionic regulation Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the insect circulatory system is primarily responsible for collecting hemolymph?

Dorsal vessel Signup and view all the answers

How does the open circulatory system of insects differ from that of vertebrates?

Blood is referred to as hemolymph in insects. Signup and view all the answers

What critical role does the circulatory system play in insect defense mechanisms?

Seals wounds through a clotting reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of hydrostatic pressure in the insect circulatory system?

Assisting in physical movements and reproduction Signup and view all the answers

Which specialized field in entomology focuses on the study of the interrelationship of insects to their environment?

Insect Ecology Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with entomological studies?

Ability to breathe underwater Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of insects does economic entomology primarily deal with?

Species that are beneficial or harmful Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the primary focus of medical entomology?

Insects that serve as vectors for diseases Signup and view all the answers

What type of changes does insect physiology primarily investigate?

Physical and chemical changes in the insect body Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT pertain to the study of insect morphology?

Insect behavior patterns Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor in the development of Philippine entomology?

The written records of Dr. Bernardo P. Gabriel Signup and view all the answers

Which field of entomology examines the impact of chemical drugs on insect life?

Insect Toxicology Signup and view all the answers

Who first published the extensive work on mosquitoes of the Philippines?

C. Ludlow Signup and view all the answers

What legislation was enacted in 1915 to address locust issues in the Philippines?

Locust Act No. 2472 Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first to establish veterinary entomology in the Philippines?

M.S. Mitzmain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was tested by D.D. Mackie for pest control?

Arsenical sprays Signup and view all the answers

In which year was the Department of Entomology established at the U.P. College of Agriculture?

1909 Signup and view all the answers

What significant publication was founded in 1911 that included entomological findings?

Philippine Agriculturist and Forester Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical was NOT tested by F.O. Cevallos for pest control?

Insecticidal soap Signup and view all the answers

Which individual is noted for significantly contributing to knowledge of Philippine insect fauna through collaboration?

Charles F. Baker Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the entomological work conducted by Julian Valdez in the Philippines?

He published numerous papers with world authorities. Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of the work presented by E.M. Ledyard in 1909?

Establishment of the Department of Entomology Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first entomological investigator to visit the Philippines?

Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of Carl Stal's publication in 1870?

Philippine Hemiptera Signup and view all the answers

Which insect order did Pierre Joseph Michael Lorquin notably work on during his visits?

Lepidoptera Signup and view all the answers

In which year did significant biological control efforts begin with the introduction of a starling in the Philippines?

1849 Signup and view all the answers

Who collected material that contributed to the earliest known species of Philippine Hemiptera published in 1851?

Hugh Cuming Signup and view all the answers

Which entomologist is known as the 'Father of Modern Hemipterology'?

Carl Stal Signup and view all the answers

What important insect characteristic did Westwood, J.O. publish in 1837?

Characteristics of new insects from Manila Signup and view all the answers

What role did the opening of the port of Manila in 1830 play in entomology?

Enabled foreign explorers and collectors to enter Signup and view all the answers

Which insect group was specifically studied by Hans Herman Behr during his two-year stay in the Philippines?

Lepidoptera Signup and view all the answers

What function do the ocelli serve in insects?

Detecting light intensity changes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the structure of compound eyes in insects?

Composed of many hexagonal facets Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events does NOT correlate with the development of entomological research in the Philippines?

Introduction of cochineal insects Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the median ocellus from the lateral ocelli in insects?

It is formed from fused ocelli Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the functionality of facets in compound eyes is true?

Simultaneous functioning of all facets results in a complete image Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of antennae in insects?

Integrating multiple sensory functions Signup and view all the answers

How many ocelli are typically arranged in an isosceles triangle in many insects?

Three Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the facets found in the compound eyes of certain dragonflies?

More than 20,000 facets Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is often present at the interfacetal junctions of insect compound eyes?

Hairlike structures Signup and view all the answers

What does the Theory of Mosaic Vision explain regarding insect eyesight?

Each facet contributes to a fragmented view of the object Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the compound eyes of insects is correct?

They consist of multiple structural units Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the dorsal vessel in insects?

Circulating hemolymph to bathe all tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which morphological type of the dorsal vessel is characterized by having segmentally arranged bulbous structures?

Dilatations Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the circulatory system of insects is accurate?

It is an open system utilizing hemolymph to deliver nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of insect hemolymph differs from human blood?

Insect hemolymph does not contain red blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components aids in the circulation of hemolymph in insects?

Accessory pulsatile organs Signup and view all the answers

What is housed within the head capsule of most insects?

Brain and mouthparts Signup and view all the answers

Which significant event occurred in 1962 related to entomology in the Philippines?

Establishment of the Philippine Entomological Society Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is NOT typically associated with the head of an insect?

Spiracles Signup and view all the answers

What contributed to the development of entomology in the Philippines following the 1960s?

Founding of the National Crop Protection Center Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of mouthparts in insects?

They are specialized for the ingestion of food Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following publications was developed in 1966 regarding Philippine entomology?

Catalogue of Philippine Hymenoptera Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature is essential for the sensory perception in the head of insects?

Antennal flagella Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect is included in the curriculum of the National Crop Protection Center founded in 1976?

Integrated pest management strategies Signup and view all the answers

Who published the first biological study of the coffee longhorn borer in the Philippines?

Domingo Sanchez y Sanchez Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following entomologists made significant contributions to the study of Philippine Lepidoptera?

George Semper Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of Ramon Jordana's published work in 1885?

General work on Zoology Signup and view all the answers

Who was recognized for the first report on Philippine Orthoptera derived from Semper's collection?

Edmond de Selys Longchamps Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the publication 'Catalogo sistematico de toda la fauna de Filipinas'?

It was an extensive work on all known Philippine fauna. Signup and view all the answers

Which individual is noted for the first comprehensive description of locust ecology in the Philippines?

Francisco Alvarez Signup and view all the answers

What was predominantly covered in the 'Boletin Oficial Agricola de Filipinas' published between 1894 and 1896?

Economic importance of insects Signup and view all the answers

Which work was considered the first of its kind by a resident worker concerning the insect fauna of the Philippines?

Bosquejo geografica e historico-natural del archipelago Filipino Signup and view all the answers

Which entomologist was responsible for the first extensive publication on Philippine Lepidoptera?

George Semper Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution did Charles F. Baker make to Philippine entomology after arriving in 1912?

Published 400 papers on Philippine insects Signup and view all the answers

Which disease was identified by Mitzmain as being transmitted by the housefly?

Surra Signup and view all the answers

Which insecticides were among the earliest tested by F.O. Cevallos in the Philippines?

White arsenic and kerosene emulsion Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first head of the Department of Entomology established at the U.P. College of Agriculture in 1909?

E.M. Ledyard Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the Philippine Agriculturist and Forester journal founded?

1911 Signup and view all the answers

Which law was enacted in 1915 concerning locust control?

Locust Act No. 2472 Signup and view all the answers

What was a major focus of the newly organized Entomology section of the Bureau of Agriculture in 1910?

Testing of arsenical sprays for pest control Signup and view all the answers

Which individual was significant for augmenting knowledge of Philippine insect fauna with international collaboration?

Julian Valdez Signup and view all the answers

What type of insect was introduced in beekeeping attempts in the Philippines in 1913?

Italian bees Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first chief entomologist tested arsenical sprays during the early 1900s?

D. B. Mackie Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the pyloric sphincter in insects?

Regulates waste deposition to the hindgut Signup and view all the answers

Which component is necessary for the initial puncture during the piercing-sucking feeding process?

Mechanical connection with the food source Signup and view all the answers

In the chewing and cutting feeding process, what is the function of holding or securing food relative to the mouthparts?

To prevent food particles from escaping Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of food structures in the deep penetration phase of piercing-sucking feeding?

They often consist of tough, non-nutritive layers Signup and view all the answers

Which feeding mechanism uses mouthparts capable of cutting and chewing?

Biting-chewing Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'recognition of target' phase in the piercing-sucking feeding process?

It informs the insect when liquid food is reached Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the components in the chewing and cutting feeding process?

Creating a pressure gradient Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is crucial for the uptake of food in piercing-sucking insects?

Stylet Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in the chewing and cutting feeding process?

Transporting food to the gut Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation is often required for penetrating tough barriers in the piercing-sucking feeding process?

Specialized structures like stylets Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pupae has developing appendages that are held tightly against the body by a shell-like casing?

Obtect Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the salivary glands in the digestive system of insects?

To assist in digestion by secreting enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes Coarctate pupae from other types of pupae?

Their body is encased within a hard exoskeleton of the last larval instar. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the insect digestive system marks the beginning of the midgut?

Stomodaeum Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the alimentary canal in the insect digestive system?

It assists in the absorption of nutrients and expelling waste. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the head capsule in most insects?

Housing the brain and sensory organs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Philippine Entomological Society is correct?

S.M.Cendaña was the first President. Signup and view all the answers

What role did the National Crop Protection Center, founded in 1976, play in Philippine agriculture?

It directed research on crop diseases and pests. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was the first journal of entomology in the Philippines?

Philippine Entomologist Signup and view all the answers

Which major sense organs are typically housed in the head of an insect?

Ocelli and compound eyes Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the catalogue of Hymenoptera published by C.R. Baltazar?

It was the first major catalogue published by a Filipino. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the first monographic treatment of Philippine mosquitoes published by Delfinado?

It encompassed all mosquito species except Aedes. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the International Symposium held in 1964?

Major insect pests of rice Signup and view all the answers

What is the triangular sclerite located between the frontal sutures called?

Frons Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms a transitional zone between the head and thorax of an insect?

Cervix Signup and view all the answers

What does the occipital suture circumscribe in the insect's head capsule?

Vertex and genae Signup and view all the answers

Which structure on the insect head is known for strengthening the region behind the occipital suture?

Apodeme Signup and view all the answers

Which pair of anatomical features may be found on the front, top, or sides of an insect's head?

Antennal sockets and ocelli Signup and view all the answers

Which suture separates the base of the frons from the clypeus?

Epistomal suture Signup and view all the answers

What segment is indicated by the faint postoccipital suture at the back of the head?

Sixth segment Signup and view all the answers

Where are the genae positioned in relation to the frontal sutures?

Behind Signup and view all the answers

What type of sclerite is the postgena considered to be?

Lateral sclerite Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of small cervical sclerites in an insect’s neck?

Attachment points for muscles controlling head movements Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thorax in insects?

Locomotion Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the insect thorax is responsible for wing articulation?

Pleuron Signup and view all the answers

How many segments comprise the thorax of an insect?

Three Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of an insect’s walking leg?

Coxa, Trochanter, Femur, Tibia, Tarsus Signup and view all the answers

Which sclerite is located dorsally on the thoracic segments?

Notum Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the maxillae and labium in insects like bees?

Drawing up nectar Signup and view all the answers

In which thoracic segment would you find the prosternum?

Prothorax Signup and view all the answers

What type of mouthparts do insects like bees utilize for feeding?

Chewing-lapping Signup and view all the answers

Which structure within the thorax contributes to strengthening the sides of the thorax?

Pleural suture Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the coxa in an insect's leg?

Articulation with the thorax Signup and view all the answers

Which body type describes scarabaeiform larvae?

Robust and 'C'-shaped Signup and view all the answers

What type of legs do elateriform larvae possess?

Very short and hard Signup and view all the answers

Which description best fits the body structure of scarabaeiform larvae?

Robust with no abdominal prolegs Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of wireworm larvae?

Cylindrical body with a hard exoskeleton Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation is present in the legs of scarabaeiform larvae?

No abdominal prolegs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following larval types is characterized by a hard exoskeleton?

Elateriform Signup and view all the answers

In terms of body shape, what do scarabaeiform larvae exhibit?

Robust and 'C'-shaped body Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typical of elateriform larvae?

Presence of fleshy abdominal prolegs Signup and view all the answers

What type of leg adaptation is primarily associated with running?

Scarabaeiform Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary body morphology of eruciform larvae?

Fleshy and worm-like Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typical of insects classified under Class Insecta?

Presence of gills for respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the exoskeleton of insects?

It is composed of chitin, providing strength and protection. Signup and view all the answers

What feature is associated with the subphylum Chelicerata?

A pair of appendages near the mouth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is specific to the Class Insecta?

Three pairs of legs Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological feature is commonly found in insects but NOT in other arthropods?

Malpighian tubules for excretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the segmented antennae found in insects?

Detecting pheromones and environmental signals Signup and view all the answers

Which type of symmetry do insects exhibit?

Bilateral symmetry Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about insect body regions is correct?

The thorax typically bears the wings and legs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the alary muscles in the insect heart?

They assist in the forward movement of hemolymph. Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to the heart's contraction rate with changes in ambient temperature?

It falls as ambient temperature drops. Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily composed of insect hemolymph?

Plasma with proteins and amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the dorsal and ventral diaphragms in insect circulation?

To separate blood sinuses in the body cavity. Signup and view all the answers

Why do some overwintering insects accumulate compounds like trehalose in their hemolymph?

To prevent freezing in cold temperatures. Signup and view all the answers

What type of body shape is characteristic of Scarabaeiform insects?

Robust and 'C'-shaped Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of Elateriform larvae?

Hard exoskeleton and very short thoracic legs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adaptations is typical for insects that have legs suited for running?

Long and slender legs Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes Wireworm larvae from other types?

Smooth, cylindrical body with very short thoracic legs Signup and view all the answers

What type of legs do White grub larvae typically possess?

Short thoracic legs without abdominal prolegs Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable feature of the body structure in Elateriform larvae?

Hard exoskeleton Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation would NOT be found in Scarabaeiform insects?

Long and slender antennae Signup and view all the answers

How do the thoracic legs of Elateriform larvae compare to those of Scarabaeiform larvae?

Both have very short thoracic legs Signup and view all the answers

What type of body is characterized by being fleshy and worm-like?

Eruciform Signup and view all the answers

Which insect type has a hard exoskeleton and is distinguishable by its very short thoracic legs?

Elateriform Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the labrum in insect mouthparts?

To serve as a roof over the mouth cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which structure assists the mandibles in biting and chewing food?

Maxillae Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the mandibles from the maxillae?

Mandibles are unsegmented, maxillae are segmented Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the lacinia in insect mouthparts?

To help hold food during mastication Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the insect's mouthparts bears the opening of the salivary ducts?

Hypopharynx Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the maxillary palps?

To aid in the sense of touch and taste Signup and view all the answers

What structure is formed by the fusion of the second maxillae?

Labium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT considered part of the primitive mouthparts in insects?

Tarsus Signup and view all the answers

How do the mandibles articulate with other mouthparts?

Through a ginglymus joint and condyle Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the labrum's distal margin typically characterized as?

Sharp and defined Signup and view all the answers

Which significant change in pest control was introduced in the Philippines in 1902?

The introduction of microbial agents Signup and view all the answers

What organization was formed in 1902 that played a pivotal role in agricultural practices in the Philippines?

Bureau of Agriculture Signup and view all the answers

Who was considered the first government entomologist in the Philippines?

Charles S. Banks Signup and view all the answers

Which publication is recognized for hosting most of the taxonomic work on Philippine insects during the early American period?

Philippine Journal of Science Signup and view all the answers

Which notable event occurred in 1904 regarding insect pests in the Philippines?

Publication of 'Pests of cacao' Signup and view all the answers

What type of activities was associated with the Bureau of Government Laboratories in the early 1900s?

Entomology and economic studies Signup and view all the answers

Which two individuals contributed to insect studies via the Manila Observatory from 1903 to 1905?

Father William A. Stanton and Father Robert E. Brown Signup and view all the answers

What significant publication began in 1907 related to agriculture in the Philippines?

Philippine Agricultural Review Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the first activities organized by Charles S. Banks as government entomologist?

Control of locust populations Signup and view all the answers

What institution succeeded the Bureau of Government Laboratories regarding scientific research?

National Institute of Science and Technology Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Founding of the Philippine Entomological Society

The Philippine Entomological Society was founded on July 22, 1962. It was the first entomological organization in the Philippines.
S.M. Cendaña was the first president.

Notable Filipino Entomologists

B.P. Gabriel was the first Filipino insect pathologist in 1964.
C.R. Baltazar published the first catalogue of Philippine Hymenoptera in 1966.
Delfinado published the first monographic treatment of Philippine mosquitoes (excluding Aedes) in 1966.

Important Events in Philippine Entomology

The first national meeting of the Philippine Association of Entomologists was held in 1967 at the University of the Philippines College of Agriculture on August 12th.
The first National Symposium in Philippine Entomology was held on November 25, 1967.
The first journal of entomology in the Philippines, "The Philippine Entomologist," was founded in 1968 by the Association of Philippine Entomologists.
The first regional meeting of the Philippine Association of Entomologists was held in Davao City in February 1978.

Insect Head

The insect head houses the brain, mouth opening, mouthparts, and major sense organs such as antennae, compound eyes, and ocelli.

Insect Tarsus

The pretarsus is the terminal segment of the tarsus.
The pretarsus includes the following structures:
- Ungues (pair of claws)
- Arolium (lobe or adhesive pad between the claws)
- Empodium (large bristle or lobe between the claws)
- Pulvilli (pair of adhesive pads at the base of the claws)

Leg Adaptations and Striking Modifications

Cursorial/Gressorial: Adapted for running and walking. Common examples include ground beetles and cockroaches.
Raptorial: Adapted for catching and grasping prey. Forelegs are armed with sharp opposing spines and spurs. Common example: Praying mantids.
Natatorial: Adapted for swimming. Forelegs segments are flattened and have long hairs. Common examples include diving bugs and water beetles.
Fossorial: Adapted for digging in soil. Forelegs have scraper-like parts. Common example: Mole crickets.
Saltatorial: Adapted for jumping. Hind femur is enlarged. Common example: Grasshoppers.
Assembling/Pollen Gathering Leg: Hind tibiae have hairs, forming a pollen basket. Common example: Bees.
Clinging leg: End of the tarsus of the prothoracic leg is a hook-like structure used for clinging to a host. Common example: Lice.

Insect Wings

Functional wings only exist in the adult stage of an insect's life cycle.

Larval Types and Appearance

Eruciform: Caterpillar, body cylindrical with short thoracic legs and 2-10 pairs of fleshy abdominal prolegs. Common examples: Moths and butterflies.
Campodeiform: Crawler, elongated, flattened body with prominent antennae and/or cerci. Common examples: Lady beetle, lacewing.

Pyloric Sphincter

Demarcation line between midgut and hindgut.
Furnished with muscles to regulate deposition of waste to the hindgut.

Feeding Mechanisms

Chewing, Cutting: Involves holding or securing the food, detaching pieces, reducing detached pieces, bringing food to the mouth, retaining food for swallowing, moving particles from the mouth to the gut, and applying lubricating fluid.
Piercing-Sucking: Includes the following steps:
- Purchase: Mechanical connection with the food source.
- Initial Puncture: Penetrating superficial layers of the food source.
- Deep Penetration: Traversing through non-nutritive material layers to reach liquid food.
- Recognition of Target: Signalling when food is reached.
- Uptake of Food: Conveying food to the insect's mouth.
- Pumping: Creating pressure gradients to move food along the food canal.

Excretory System

Hindgut: Lined with cuticle, more permeable to water, cells are larger, striated, and have microvilli.
- Functions in water, salt, and amino acid absorption.
- Serves as storage for cellulose digestion in termites and Scarabaeid beetles.
- Has respiratory functions in Anisoptera (dragonfly) larvae.
- Modified into rectal pads for water, amino acid, and salt reabsorption.
Proctodaeum: Pyloric valve is the origin point for Malpighian tubules.
- Malpighian tubules serve as excretory organs, removing nitrogenous waste from the hemolymph.
- Toxic NH4+ is quickly converted to urea then uric acid.
- Uric acid accumulates in the Malpighian tubules and is emptied into the hindgut for elimination as part of the fecal pellet.
- The rest of the hindgut is critical for homeostasis, regulating water and salt absorption.
Rectal Pads: Embedded in the rectum, remove more than 90% of water from a fecal pellet before it exits the body.
- Their cuticle is thinner, containing depressions where the epicuticle is also thin.
- Rectal pad cells have many folds and mitochondria.
- Membrane stacks increase surface area for secretory or absorption functions.
Potassium (K) Ions: Active electrolytes responsible for pumping amino acids, salts, and water back to the hemolymph.
Cryptonephridial Arrangement: Structure formed by the complex of rectum and Malpighian tubules within a membrane.

Class Arachnida:

Lack prominent external segmentation
Body divided into two tagmata: prosoma (cephalothorax) and opithosoma
Prosoma features chelicerae, pedipalps, four pairs of legs, simple eyes, and the absence of antennae
Opisthosoma lacks locomotor appendages
Gonopore is hidden on the anterior ventral surface of the opisthosoma

Class Crustacea:

Variety of tagmata, head and thorax are covered by an unsegmented carapace, a shield-like plate, and a segmented abdomen
Appendages are biramous, with two branches
Compound eyes located on stalks
Head appendages include two pairs of antennae, one pair of mandibles, and two pairs of maxillae
Gonopores, external openings of the reproductive tract, are located on the base of posterior thoracic appendages

Class Chilopoda or Symphyla:

Distinct external segmentation
Body divided into two tagmata: head and trunk
Head contains one pair of antennae, mandibles, and two pairs of maxillae
Trunk has twelve pairs of legs, with most segments having one pair of legs, some lacking legs
Gonopore is unpaired, on segment four of the trunk, in front of the legs

Class Diplopoda:

Plainly evident external segmentation
Tagmosis is not pronounced, a distinct head is followed by an enlarged segment dorsally (collum), which resembles those of the trunk
Trunk is composed of the thorax and abdomen
Thorax is poorly differentiated from the collum and abdomen, distinguished by the presence of only one pair of legs on each of the three segments, legs are moved forward on segments one and two
Abdomen, almost all apparent segments with two pairs of legs
Gonopore is paired, at the base of the legs of segment two of the thorax

Significance of Insects:

The first six body segments of primitive, worm-like ancestors may have fused to form the head capsule of most present-day insects.

Head Regions:

The surface of the head is divided into regions (sclerites) by shallow grooves (sutures)
The vertex is the uppermost sclerite (dorsal surface of the head capsule)
A coronal suture runs along the midline of the vertex and splits into two frontal sutures
The frons is a triangular sclerite between the frontal sutures
The epistomal suture separates the base of the frons from the clypeus, a rectangular sclerite on the lower front margin of the head capsule
The genae ("cheeks") are lateral sclerites behind the frontal sutures
A pair of compound eyes, sockets for two antennae, and one or more ocelli (simple eyes) are found on the front, top, or sides of an insect's head
The occipital suture circumscribes the head capsule at the posterior margin of the vertex and genae, marking the location of an internal sclerotized ridge (apodeme)
The occiput and postgenae are tiny sclerites behind the occipital suture
The postoccipital suture and a thin, band-like sclerite (the postocciput) mark a vestige of the sixth primitive segment
The insect's neck is the cervix, a membranous area allowing protraction and retraction of the head

Antenna Types:

Setaceous (bristle-like): segments becoming more slender dorsally
Filiform (thread-like): segments nearly uniform in size, usually cylindrical
Moniliform (bead-like): segments similar in size, more or less cylindrical
Serrate (saw-toothed): segments, particularly the distal half, more or less triangular
Clavate (gradually clubbed): segments gradually increase in size
Capitate (abruptly clubbed): segments abruptly increase in size
Lamellate (nested plates): segments form nested plates
Pectinate (comb-like): most segments with long, slender lateral processes
Plumose (brush-like or feathery): segments with whorls of long hairs
Geniculate (elbowed): first segment long, following segments small and going at an angle to the first
Aristate (pouch-like with usually dorsal bristle): last segment usually enlarged and bearing a conspicuous arista
Stylate: last segment bearing an elongate terminal finger-like process called style

Mouthparts:

Insect mouthparts tell a lot about their feeding habits
Salivary secretions through the mouthparts make solid food liquid
Chewing-lapping mouthparts, like those of bees and wasps (Hymenoptera), have mandibles and a labrum similar to chewing types
Maxillae and the labium are flattened, elongated structures forming a lapping tongue for saliva discharge and nectar uptake

Thorax:

The thorax is the second tagma of an insect, adapted for locomotion, containing three pairs of walking legs and wings in many adults
It consists of three segments: prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax
Thoracic segments are rigidly joined to form a "box" for leg and wing musculature
Each segment has a dorsal sclerite (notum) (pronotum, mesonotum, and metanotum), which may be subdivided into an anterior scutum and posterior scutellum
The ventral sclerite of each segment is the sternum (prosternum, mesosternum, and metasternum)
The side of each segment is the pleuron, divided by a pleural suture into at least two sclerites: an anterior episternum and posterior epimeron
The pleural suture marks the location of an internal ridge of exoskeleton (apodeme) that strengthens the sides of the thorax
Ventrally, the apodeme forms an articulation point with the basal leg segment (the coxa)
In segments with wings, the pleural apodeme runs dorsally into the pleural wing process, a sclerite that serves as a pivot point for the wing base

Legs:

Insects have three pairs of walking legs, one pair on each thoracic segment
Each leg contains five structural components (segments):
- Coxa
- Trochanter
- Femur
- Tibia
- Tarsus

Circulatory System:

The dorsal vessel is a tube running along the dorsal side of the body
It is divided segmentally into chambers separated by valves (ostia)
A pair of alary muscles are attached to the walls of each chamber
Contractions of the alary muscles force hemolymph forward through the chambers
The heart's contraction rate varies, typically 30 to 200 beats per minute, increasing with activity and temperature
The aorta, the anterior continuation of the dorsal vessel, lacks valves and muscles, and carries hemolymph to the head
The body cavity is divided into three compartments (blood sinuses)
- Pericardial sinus
- Perivisceral sinus
- Perineural sinus
Pulsatile organs near wing and leg bases act as pumps to help circulate hemolymph
Hemolymph is composed of about 90% plasma, a watery fluid containing high concentrations of amino acids, proteins, sugars, and inorganic ions
Overwintering insects sequester ribulose, trehalose, or glycerol in the plasma to prevent freezing
The remaining 10% of hemolymph volume is made up of hemocytes, involved in clotting, phagocytosis, and encapsulation of foreign bodies

Philippine Entomology Milestones

1916-1917: Leopoldo B. Uichanco becomes the first Filipino entomology instructor
1917: W. Schultz publishes a catalogue of Philippine Coleoptera
1918: Mackie develops a process for fumigating cigars to kill beetles
1918: Muir introduces Scolia manilae to Hawaii
1919: L.B. Uichanco becomes the first Filipino to earn an M.S. in entomology from UPCA
1919: Otanes researches the biology of the beanfly, a significant pest of legumes
1919: The Plant Pest Section becomes a separate division of the Bureau of Agriculture, with Gonzalo Merino as the first chief
1921: The Hawaii Sugar Planter's Association donates PhP4,000 to the University for constructing an insectary in Los Baños
1921-1922: H.E. Woodworth publishes the first comprehensive host-index of insects harmful to Philippine crops
1922: Leopoldo B. Uichanco earns the first Filipino doctorate in entomology
1922: Uichanco describes new species of Psyllids, becoming the first Filipino to describe Philippine insects
1922: Cendana reports on the biology of the banana weevil, a serious pest of bananas in the Philippines
1923: Soap is recognized as an effective contact insecticide for controlling migratory locusts
1923: Soft yellow laundry soap emerges as the most effective insecticide for migratory locusts
1923: Opius humilis is introduced to control the melon fly
1924: The Philippine Legislature passes the Locust Scouting Act (Act 3163), allocating PhP100,000 for locust location and control efforts
1924: The Plant Pest Section is reorganized into three sections: Plant Quarantine, Entomology, and Plant Pathology

Insect Antennae Types

Setaceous (bristle-like): Segments become more slender dorsally. Example: Dragonflies
Filiform (thread-like): Segments are nearly uniform in size, usually cylindrical. Example: Ground Beetles and Cockroaches
Moniliform (bead-like): Segments are similar in size, more or less cylindrical. Example: Termites
Serrate (saw-toothed): Segments, particularly the distal half, are more or less triangular. Example: Female Giant Click Beetle
Clavate (gradually clubbed): Segments gradually increase in size. Example: Butterflies
Capitate (abruptly clubbed): Segments abruptly increase in size. Example: Carrion Beetles
Lamellate (nested plates): Example: Scarab Beetles
Pectinate (comb-like): Most segments have long, slender lateral processes. Example: Fire-colored Beetles, Male Glow-worms, and Male Giant Click Beetles
Plumose (brush-like or feathery): Segments have whorls of long hairs. Example: Male Mosquitoes
Geniculate (elbowed): The first segment is long, the following segments are small and angled to the first. Example: Bees and Ants
Aristate (pouch-like with usually dorsal bristle): The last segment is usually enlarged and bears a conspicuous arista. Example: Houseflies and Syrphid Flies
Stylate: The last segment bears an elongate terminal finger-like process called a style. Example: Robber Fly

Insect Mouthparts

Mouthparts are a defining feature of insects and provide insights into a species' feeding habits

Thoracic Legs Adapted for Running

Scarabaeiform: Body robust and "C"-shaped, with no abdominal prolegs and short thoracic legs. Example: June Beetle, Dung Beetle
Elateriform: Body long, smooth, and cylindrical with a hard exoskeleton and very short thoracic legs. Example: Click Beetle, Wireworm, Flour Beetle

Insect Circulatory System

Insects possess an open circulatory system, unlike the closed system found in humans and other vertebrates.
In an open circulatory system, hemolymph (blood) flows freely within body cavities, coming into direct contact with internal tissues and organs.
The circulatory system transports nutrients, salts, hormones, and metabolic wastes throughout the insect's body.
The circulatory system plays a crucial role in defense, sealing off wounds through clotting, encapsulating and destroying internal parasites or invaders, and producing or sequestering distasteful compounds to deter predators.
The hemolymph's hydraulic properties are critical for facilitating hatching, molting, body and wing expansion after molting, physical movements (especially in soft-bodied larvae), reproduction, and gland evagination.
In some insects, the hemolymph aids in thermoregulation, cooling the body by conducting excess heat away from flight muscles or warming the body by circulating heat absorbed while basking.
The major structural component of an insect's circulatory system is a dorsal vessel, a tube running longitudinally through the thorax and abdomen along the inner dorsal body wall.
In the abdomen, the dorsal vessel is called the heart, divided segmentally into chambers separated by valves (ostia) to ensure hemolymph flow in one direction.
Alary muscles attached to the chamber walls contract to propel the hemolymph forward.
The heart's contraction rate varies based on species and factors like temperature and activity levels.
The dorsal vessel continues forward as a simple tube called the aorta, emptying near the brain.
Hemolymph bathes the head's organs and muscles before returning to the abdomen and back into the heart.
The body cavity is divided into three compartments (blood sinuses) by the dorsal and ventral diaphragms, ensuring hemolymph circulation.
Pulsatile organs near the base of wings or legs help force hemolymph into the extremities, especially during specific body movements.
Insect hemolymph comprises plasma, about 90%, and hemocytes, about 10%.
Plasma is a watery fluid, typically clear but can be greenish or yellowish, containing high concentrations of amino acids, proteins, sugars, and inorganic ions.
Hemocytes are various cell types involved in clotting, phagocytosis, and encapsulation of foreign bodies.
Insects overwintering often sequester ribulose, trehalose, or glycerol in plasma to prevent freezing.

Early Entomology in the Philippines

Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz, a Russian entomologist, was the first entomological investigator to visit the Philippines in 1816 aboard the Russian ship Rurik.
Cochineal insect introduction attempts failed in 1826 and again in 1861.
Manila’s port opened to global trade in 1830, allowing foreign explorers to enter the Philippines, including Hugh Cuming, an English conchologist, who collected specimens in Luzon in 1831.
Important insects from Cuming’s collection, such as Promecotheca cumingii (Baly), were published in 1858.
John Obadiah Westwood published characteristics of new insects from Manila collected by Cuming in 1837 in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
Hans Hermann Behr, a German scientist, collected insects, especially Lepidoptera, in the Philippines for two years starting in 1848.
In 1849, a starling known locally as “Martinez” (Aetheopsar cristatellus Linn.) was introduced from Southern China to control locusts, marking the first attempt at biological insect control in the Philippines.
The earliest known species of Philippine Hemiptera were published in 1851 by William Stephen Dallas, based on Cuming’s collections.
Pierre Joseph Michael Lorquin, a famous French entomologist, visited the Philippines in 1856 and 1862, focusing on Lepidoptera.
Carl Semper, a German entomologist, collected insects in the Philippines between 1859 and 1865, leading to several publications on Philippine insects, particularly by his brother, George Semper.
Brauer described Philippine Neuroptera and Libellulidae (Odonata) in 1868.
Hemiptera Insularum Philippinarum was published in 1870 by Carl Stål, a famous Swedish entomologist considered the "Father of Modern Hemipterology," using materials collected by Carl Semper.
The earliest report on Philippine Hymenoptera was published by Frederick Smith in 1870-1871.
C. Ludlow published the first extensive publication on Philippine mosquitoes in 1908.
The Department of Entomology was established in 1909 at the University of the Philippines College of Agriculture, with E.M. Ledyard as the first head.
D.D. Mackie, the chief entomologist of the Plant Pest Section of the Bureau of Agriculture, led testing of arsenical sprays for plant pest control.
The Entomology section of the Bureau of Agriculture was organized in 1910, with C.R. Jones as the first head of the Plant Industry Division, followed by D.B. Mackie.
The Philippine Agriculturist and Forester journal was founded in 1911, publishing entomological findings from the Department of Entomology at UPCA.
Feliciano O. Cevallos presented early works on using chemicals for pest control in the Philippines, testing kerosene emulsion, resin wash, Bordeaux mixture, white arsenic, and carbon bisulphide.
In 1912, the second Philippine Legislature passed the first Plant Quarantine Law, Act No. 2145. Charles F. Baker arrived in the Philippines that same year and later became Dean of the College of Agriculture at UP in 1917.
With the help of Cuban collector Julian Valdez, Baker greatly expanded our knowledge of Philippine insect fauna. He collaborated with 115 world authorities, resulting in the publication of 400 papers on Philippine insects.
Mitzmain, M.S., discovered that surra, a disease affecting carabaos, is transmitted by the common housefly, Tabanus stratus Fabricius, establishing veterinary entomology in the Philippines in 1913.
Beekeeping using imported Italian bees was first attempted in the Philippines in 1913 by C.H. Schultz.
The Locust Act No. 2472 was enacted in 1915, requiring the use of tarsus for identification.

Insect Anatomy and Morphology

The pretarsus is the terminal segment of the tarsus, including the claws, arolium, empodium, and pulvilli.
Legs are typically used for running and walking, but can be highly modified for specific functions.
Cursorial/gressorial legs are adapted for running and walking.
Raptorial legs are adapted for catching and grasping prey, with specialized features like sharp spines and spurs.
Natatorial legs are adapted for swimming, flattened with long hairs.
Fossorial legs are adapted for digging in soil, with scraper-like parts.
Saltatorial legs are adapted for jumping, having an enlarged hind femur.
Assembling/pollen-gathering legs have hind tibiae with hairs for pollen collection.
Clinging legs have a hook-like structure at the end of the tarsus for clinging to a host.
Wings are only functional in the adult stage of an insect’s life cycle.

Insect Digestive System

The cibarial pump, a suction mechanism created by muscles in the pharynx, facilitates food intake in insects.
The esophagus connects the pharynx to the crop, which stores food temporarily.
The proventriculus, a muscular organ with tooth-like denticles, grinds and pulverizes food particles.
The stomodeal valve, a sphincter muscle, regulates food flow from the stomodeum to the mesenteron.
The mesenteron, or midgut, is the primary site of enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption.
Gastric caecae, finger-like projections, increase surface area for enzyme secretion or water absorption.
The ventriculus, the main part of the midgut, absorbs nutrients.
Microvilli increase the surface area of digestive cells for enhanced nutrient absorption.
The peritrophic membrane, a semipermeable membrane that lines the midgut, protects digestive cells without hindering nutrient absorption.

Insect Circulatory System

Insects have an open circulatory system in which hemolymph flows freely within body cavities.
The circulatory system transports nutrients, salts, hormones, and wastes, and plays roles in defense, wound sealing, and encapsulation of parasites.
Blood pressure generated by muscle contractions facilitates processes like hatching, molting, wing expansion, and reproduction.
In some insects, blood aids in thermoregulation, collecting and circulating heat.

Insect Circulatory System Structures

The dorsal vessel, a tube that runs lengthwise through the thorax and abdomen, carries hemolymph throughout the insect.
The heart, located in the abdomen, collects hemolymph and pumps it towards the head.

Entomology Defined

The scientific study of insects and related arthropods
Includes specialized fields like morphology, physiology, ecology, toxicology, forest entomology, medical entomology, and economic entomology

History of Philippine Entomology

1816: Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz, Russian entomologist, was the first to conduct entomological investigation in the Philippines
1826: Cochineal insect was introduced in the Philippines (and again in 1861) but did not succeed as a crop
1830: Opening of Manila port to international commerce allowed foreign explorers to enter the country
1831: Hugh Cuming, English conchologist, collected many insects in Luzon, resulting in publications about Philippine insects, including Promecotheca cumingii
1837: Westwood, J.O., published characteristics of new insects from Manila, collected by Cuming
1848: Hans Herman Behr, German savant, collected insects in the Philippines, focusing on Lepidoptera
1849: Introduction of the "Martinez" starling, Aetheopsar cristatellus Linn., from Southern China to control locusts
1851: Publication of earliest known species of Philippine Hemiptera by W.S. Dallas, derived from Cuming's material
1856, 1862: Pierre Joseph Michael Lorquin, French entomologist, visited the Philippines and worked on Lepidoptera
1859 – 1865: Carl Semper, German entomologist, collected insects in different parts of the Philippines, resulting in several publications on Philippine insects
1868: Brauer described Philippine Neuroptera and Libellulidae (Odonata)
1870: Publication of Hemiptera Insularum Philippinarum by Carl Stal, Swedish entomologist, based on materials collected by Carl Semper
1870-1871: Earliest report on Philippine Hymenoptera by F. Smith
1908: First extensive publication on mosquitoes of the Philippines by C. Ludlow
1909: Establishment of the Department of Entomology at the University of the Philippines College of Agriculture, headed by E.M. Ledyard
1910: Organization of the Entomology section of the Bureau of Agriculture, with D.D. Mackie as the Chief entomologist
1911: Founding of the Philippine Agriculturist and Forester, publishing entomological findings by the Department of Entomology staff at UPCA
1912: Second Philippine Legislature enacted Act No. 2145, the first Plant Quarantine Law. Charles F. Baker, future Dean of the College of Agriculture at UP, arrived in the Philippines and contributed significantly to Philippines insect fauna knowledge
1913: M.S. Mitzmain discovered the transmission of surra disease of carabao by the common housefly, Tabanus stratus Fabricius. First attempt at beekeeping in the Philippines using imported Italian bees by C.H. Schultz
1915: Enactment of the Locust Act No. 2472

Insect Senses - Eyes

Insect eyes are divided into two types: compound eyes and simple eyes (ocelli)
Compound eyes give insects a broad visual field
Ocelli enhance light detection and register cyclical changes in light intensity
Compound eyes are located on each side of the head and consist of hexagonal elements called facets or corneal lenses
The number of facets varies between species, ranging from a few in springtails to 28,000 in dragonflies
Each facet is the outer portion of an ommatidium, with the upper facets often larger than the lower
Eyes can be divided into separated dorsal and ventral parts with patterns of contrasting colors
Interfacetal junctions often have fine hairs
Three ocelli are usually present in an isosceles triangle on the vertex
Each lateral ocellus has a single lens, different from an ommatidium in its internal structure
The median ocellus is formed from two fused ocelli and is innervated from both sides of the deutocerebrum
Insect vision is based on the Theory of Mosaic Vision, where each facet contributes to the image
Damage to facets results in missing parts in the perceived image

Insect Senses - Antennae

Antennae are sense organs located near the front of the insect's head
More than just tactile receptors, they are involved in sensory perception
Different insect groups have different antenna shapes and structures

Insect Digestion & Excretion

The alimentary canal is a digestive tube that extends lengthwise through the insect's body
It is divided into three primary regions: the foregut, midgut, and hindgut
The foregut serves as the entry point for food and is lined with cuticle that is shed during molting
The midgut is where most digestion occurs and lacks cuticle
The hindgut is responsible for water reabsorption and waste excretion
Some insects have special adaptations for water reabsorption, like the expansion of the hindgut

Insect Circulatory System

Open circulatory system, with hemolymph flowing freely within body cavities
Responsible for transporting nutrients, salts, hormones, and waste
Involved in defense: clotting, encapsulation of parasites, production of distasteful compounds
Hydraulic properties are important for hatching, molting, wing expansion, and other body movements
Blood can contribute to thermoregulation

Insect Circulatory System: Dorsal Vessel

Major structural component of the system, running longitudinally through the thorax and abdomen
Collects hemolymph in the abdomen and conducts it forward to the head
Called the heart in the abdomen
Fragile, membranous structure in most insects

Founding of the Association of Philippine Entomologists

1962: The Philippine Entomological Society (now the Philippine Association of Entomologists, Inc.), the country's first entomological organization, was founded with S.M. Cendaña serving as the first president.
1964: The International Rice Research Institute hosted an International Symposium on the major insect pests of rice.
1966: C.R. Baltazar published the “Catalogue of Philippine Hymenoptera", the first catalogue of a major insect order by a Filipino.
1967: The first National Meeting and Symposium of the Philippine Association of Entomologists took place at the U.P. College of Agriculture.
1968: The Philippine Entomologist, the country's first entomology journal, was launched by the Association of Philippine Entomologists.

Notable Contributions to Philippine Entomology

1875: Belgian entomologist Candeze was the first to describe Philippine Elaterids (Coleoptera).
1877: C. Stal published “Orthoptera Nova ex Insulis Philippines”, the first report on Philippine Orthoptera using samples collected by Semper.
1882: C.R. Osten-Sacken published the first report on Diptera, collected by Dr. Carl Semper.
1885: Ramon Jordana's “Bosquejo geografica e historico-natural del archipelago Filipino” published in Madrid, was the first general zoology work on Philippine insects, written by a resident working in the field.
1886-1892: George Semper, brother of Carl Semper, published "Die Schmitterlings der Philippinischen der inseln; Rhopalocera", a fundamental publication on Philippine Lepidoptera.
1890: Domingo Sanchez y Sanchez, assistant zoologist in the Government Forestry Service, published a paper on the coffee longhorn borer, a significant landmark in entomological research.
1894-1896: "Boletin Oficial Agricola de Filipinas" (monthly) contained articles on economically important insects.
1894: Jose Sanchez published the first study on the white grub, Leucopholis irrorata.
1895: Francisco Alvarez penned the first extensive description of locust ecology, covering aspects like control and migration.
1895-1896: Dominican Father Castro de Elera's “Catalogo sistematico de toda lafauna de Filipinas conocida hasta el presente” (3 volumes) contained several pages on Philippine insects.
1908: C. Ludlow published the first extensive publication on Philippine mosquitoes.
1909: The Department of Entomology was established at the U.P. College of Agriculture, led by E.M. Ledyard.
1910: D.D. Mackie tested arsenical sprays for plant pest control in the Philippines.
1911: The “Philippine Agriculturist and Forester” publication began, featuring findings from UPCA's Entomology Department staff.
1912: The Second Philippine Legislature passed the first Plant Quarantine Law (Act No. 2145).
1912: Charles F. Baker arrived in the Philippines and he went on to significantly contribute to the understanding of Filipino insect fauna by collaborating with prominent researchers worldwide.
1913: M.S. Mitzmain discovered the role of the housefly in spreading surra, a disease affecting carabaos.
1915: The Locust Act No. 2472 was enacted

Insect Feeding Mechanisms

Chewing and Cutting: Insects with this type of mouthpart hold food, cut it into smaller pieces, and transport it into the gut for digestion.
Piercing-Sucking: Mouthparts are designed to pierce through barriers and extract fluids.
- Purchase: Initial mechanical attachment to the food source.
- Initial Puncture: Penetrating the superficial layers of the food source, often requiring specialized structures.
- Deep Penetration: Navigating through non-nutritive material to reach liquid food, requiring mechanisms for extending mouthparts.
- Recognition of Target: Sensory signals help the insect recognize when it has reached the food.
- Uptake of Food: Structures transport food to the insect's mouth, designed for pressure differences and minimal fluid resistance.
- Pumping: Devices create pressure gradients to move food within the food canal.

Insect Hemolymph

Unlike human blood, insect hemolymph generally lacks hemoglobin or red blood cells.
Oxygen is transported through the tracheal system, not the circulatory system.
Insect hemocytes are significantly fewer than human blood cells.

Insect Circulatory System

Open system, with the body cavity containing the blood.
Less developed compared to humans, but remains efficient in transporting nutrients and waste.
Functions to bathe all tissues and supply nutrients to cells.

Dorsal Vessel

Located within the pericardial sinus.
Comprised of a single layer of muscle tissue surrounded by connective tissues.
Innervated by nerves and tracheoles to receive stimuli and oxygen.
Supported by alary muscles connected to the dorsal diaphragm and body wall.

Morphological Types of Dorsal Vessel

Straight Tube: Vessels with minimal segmental swellings or specialized structures.
Dilatations: Vessels with segmented bulbous structures.
Tubular Extensions: Vessels with cephalic, post-cephalic, or abdominal tubular extensions.
Accessory pulsatile organs facilitate circulation within the dorsal vessel.

History of Entomology in the Philippines

The Philippine Entomological Society (now the Philippine Association of Entomologists, Inc.) was founded in 1962, with S. M. Cendaña as the first president.
B. P. Gabriel became the first Filipino insect pathologist in 1964.
The International Rice Research Institute held an International Symposium on major insect pests of rice in 1964.
C. R. Baltazar published the Catalogue of Philippine Hymenoptera (with a bibliography from 1758–1963) in 1966, the first catalogue of a major insect order by a Filipino.
Delfinado published the first monographic treatment of Philippine mosquitoes, excluding Aedes, in 1966.
The first National Meeting of the Philippine Association of Entomologists was held at the University of the Philippines College of Agriculture on August 12, 1967.
The first National Symposium in Philippine Entomology took place on November 25, 1967.
The Philippine Entomologist, the first journal of entomology in the Philippines, was founded by the Association of Philippine Entomologists in 1968, with L. C. Rimando as the first editor.
Cagampang and Darsie published Illustrated Keys to the Anopheles Mosquitoes of the Philippine Islands in 1970, a comprehensive key to a crucial group of medically important insects.
R. G. Basio published Mosquito Fauna of the Philippines in 1971, an extensive treatment of all mosquito species reported in the Philippines, including bionomics and vector status.
The National Crop Protection Center was established in 1976, with Dr. F. F. Sanchez as the first director.
The Philippine Association of Entomologists held their first regional meeting in Davao City on February 17, 1978.

Insect Head Morphology

The head capsule of insects houses the brain, mouth opening, mouthparts, and major sense organs.
The head is divided into sclerites, separated by sutures.
The vertex is the uppermost sclerite of the head.
The coronal suture runs along the vertex and splits into two frontal sutures.
The frons lies between the frontal sutures.
The epistomal suture separates the frons from the clypeus.
The genae are lateral sclerites located behind the frontal sutures.
The subgena is another sclerite below the gena.
Compound eyes, antennae, and ocelli are found on the head.
The occipital suture circumscribes the head capsule at the posterior margin.
The occiput and postgenae are tiny sclerites behind the occipital suture.
The postoccipital suture marks the vestige of the sixth primitive segment.
The postocciput is a thin sclerite that adjoins the neck membrane.
The cervix is the insect's neck, a membranous area allowing head movement.
The cervical membrane connects the postocciput to the prothorax.
Cervical sclerites are points of attachment for head movement muscles.

Insect Thorax

The thorax is the second tagma of an insect, adapted for locomotion.
It houses three pairs of walking legs and one to two pairs of wings.
The thorax is composed of the prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax.
The notum is the dorsal sclerite of each thoracic segment.
The sternum is the ventral sclerite of each thoracic segment.
The pleuron is the side of each thoracic segment.
The pleural suture divides the pleuron into an episternum and an epimeron.
The pleural apodeme strengthens the thorax.
The pleural wing process serves as a pivot for the base of the wing.

Insect Legs

Most insects have three pairs of walking legs.
Each leg comprises five segments: coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus.
The five segments articulate by hinge joints.

Larval Types

Larvae can be classified into three types based on their appearance: scarabaeiform, elateriform, and vermiform.
Scarabaeiform larvae are robust, C-shaped with short thoracic legs and no abdominal prolegs.
Elateriform larvae are long, smooth, cylindrical with short thoracic legs and a hard exoskeleton.
Vermiform larvae are fleshy, worm-like with no head capsule or walking legs.

Pupal Types

Pupae are classified into three types based on their appearance: obtect, exarate, and coarctate.
Obtect pupae have developing appendages held tightly against the body by a shell-like casing.
Exarate pupae have all developing appendages free and visible.
Coarctate pupae are encased within the hard exoskeleton of the last larval instar.

Insect Digestive System

The digestive system is composed of the buccal cavity, salivary glands, and alimentary canal.
The alimentary canal is made up of a single layer of cells supported by nerves and tracheoles.
The alimentary canal is suspended in the cavity by connective tissue and muscles.
The digestive system is divided into three regions: foregut, midgut, and hindgut.
The stomodaeum is the "front" of the foregut, marked by a muscular valve.

What is an Insect?

Insects belong to the Phylum Arthropoda
Possess jointed legs or appendages
Have a segmented body with a varying number of paired and segmented appendages
Exhibit bilateral symmetry
Contain a sclerotized exoskeleton, which is strengthened by chitin.
They have an open circulatory system, Malpighian Tubules, and a system of ventilatory tubules known as tracheoles and tracheae.
There are two subphyla under Arthropoda: Chelicerata and Mandibulata.
Chelicerata are distinguished by a pair of appendages near the oral opening (spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions, horseshoe crabs).
Mandibulata are recognized by a pair of grinding structures associated with mouthparts (insects, centipedes, millipedes).

Class Insecta

Characterized by three distinct body regions: head, thorax, and abdomen.
Adults have three pairs of legs.
Commonly possess one or two pairs of wings.
Have a single pair of segmented antennae on the head.
Possess a pair each of maxillae (second jaws) and mandibles (jaws).
Include two types of eyes: compound and simple.

Early Philippine Entomology

1899: George Semper published his second publication on Philippine Lepidoptera: Heterocera, marking a significant achievement in Philippine entomology.
1896 – 1902: Baer Catalogue of Philippine Coleoptera was published.
1899: Otto Staudinger published a work on the Lepidoptera of Palawan after sending collectors to the Philippines.
Notable collectors such as Alexander Schadenberg, Regino Garcia, Francisco Sanchez, S.J., and Jose Rizal focused on collecting but did not publish.

Early American Occupation Contributions to Philippine Entomology

1902: The Bureau of Agriculture was established, with the control of migratory locusts becoming a priority. Microbial agents were used to manage locust infestations.
Charles S. Banks, the first government entomologist in the Philippines, published research on various aspects of economic entomology. He established the Entomology section within the Bureau of Government Laboratories.
William A. Stanton and Robert E. Brown, while working at the Manila Observatory, published notes on insects in the Weather Bureau's monthly bulletin.
1906: The Philippine Journal of Science was founded and became the primary publication for taxonomic work on Philippine insects.
The Philippine Agricultural Review, later renamed the Philippine Journal of Agriculture (1930), was founded and then became the Journal of Plant Industry (1963).

Insect Mouthparts

There are different mouthpart adaptations, but they all evolved from a basic or primitive form, which is chewing.
The general structure of chewing mouthparts includes the labrum, mandibles, maxillae, and labium.
Labrum is a movable plate, forms the roof of the pre-oral cavity, and covers the base of the mandibles.
Mandibles are strong, unsegmented jaws situated behind the labrum and used for biting and chewing food.
Maxillae are segmented structures located behind the mandibles; they consist of cardo, stipes, galea, lacinia, and maxillary palps.
Labium is formed from the fused second maxillae.

Insect Classification Based on Thoracic Legs and Body Shape

Scarabaeiform: Includes June beetle, dung beetle, and white grub; body is robust, "C"-shaped, with no abdominal prolegs and short thoracic legs.
Elateriform: Includes click beetle, wireworm, and flour beetle; body is long, smooth, cylindrical with a hard exoskeleton and very short thoracic legs.

### Insect Hemolymph circulation

The insect circulatory system is open and filled with hemolymph.
Hemolymph is transported through a dorsal vessel, which acts as the heart.
The heart is a muscular tube that pumps hemolymph throughout the body.
Valves (ostia) in chambers of the heart ensure one-way flow of hemolymph.
Peristaltic contractions of alary muscles attached to the heart force hemolymph forward.
The heart’s contraction rate varies depending on the species and environmental conditions.
Hemolymph flows from the aorta in the head, through the alimentary canal, back into the abdomen, and finally into the heart.
Three compartments (blood sinuses) called the pericardial sinus, perivisceral sinus, and perineural sinus are separated by the dorsal and ventral diaphragms.

### Insect Hemolymph composition

About 90% of insect hemolymph is plasma, a watery fluid containing amino acids, proteins, sugars, and inorganic ions.
Insects overwintering may store ribulose, trehalose, or glycerol to prevent freezing.
The remaining 10% of hemolymph volume is made up of various cell types (hemocytes) which are involved in clotting, phagocytosis, and encapsulation.

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Philippine Entomology History Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Who was the first President of the Philippine Entomological Society?

What was the significance of the year 1968 in Philippine entomology?

Who published the first monographic treatment of Philippine mosquitoes?

What type of organ is NOT typically found in the head of an insect?

Which insect order's first catalogue was published by a Filipino?

What was established in 1976 that contributed to crop protection in the Philippines?

Which mosquito species is specifically noted for its medical importance?

In what year did the First National Meeting of the Philippine Association of Entomologists take place?

What structure is included in the pretarsus?

What is the primary adaptation of forelegs in raptorial insects?

Which leg adaptation is specifically suited for swimming?

What is the primary function of the arolium in insects?

Which insect primarily utilizes saltatorial adaptations?

What insect type is known for its fossorial leg adaptation?

Which structure is associated with the terminal segment of the tarsus?

Which characteristic is used by insects for assembling pollen?

What type of insects have adapted legs primarily for running and walking?

What is a common feature of functional wings in insects?

What role does the hindgut primarily serve in the excretory system of insects?

What is the primary waste product converted from ammonium ions in the Malpighian tubules?

Which component increases the efficiency of water recovery in the hindgut?

What is the cryptonephridial arrangement in the excretory system?

What function do potassium ions (K) perform in the excretory system?

What type of larvae is characterized by a cylindrical body with short thoracic legs and fleshy abdominal prolegs?

Which of the following best describes Campodeiform larvae?

Which of these groups does NOT include larvae that have a crawler type?

What type of food do Lepidoptera larvae consume?

Which group is associated with larvae that have a crawler type and can often be found with prominent cerci?

Which of the following combinations most accurately matches the larval types with their descriptions?

How many pairs of fleshy abdominal prolegs do Eruciform larvae typically have?

What is the primary function of the thoracic legs found in Eruciform larvae?

What type of feeding mechanism do adult Lepidoptera primarily use?

What is a common characteristic of larvae found in Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera groups?

What is the primary function of the pyloric sphincter in the digestive system?

Which of the following is NOT a step in the chewing and cutting feeding process?

What is the significance of the recognition of the target in the piercing-sucking feeding process?

Which of the following components is essential for the uptake of food in piercing-sucking insects?

What type of mouthparts do insects with biting and chewing feeding mechanisms utilize?

Which factor is important in the deep penetration phase of the piercing-sucking feeding process?

In chewing insects, what is the role of the lubricating fluid?

What is needed to create a pressure gradient in the food canal of piercing-sucking insects?

Which method is essential for the detachment of food pieces in chewing insects?

Which feeding mechanism requires the use of specialized structures like stylets?

Which characteristic differentiates Class Arachnida from Class Crustacea?

What is a common feature of centipedes belonging to Class Chilopoda?

In Class Diplopoda, how is the thorax characterized?

Which structure is unique to the reproductive system of Class Crustacea?

What distinguishes the body structure of organisms in Class Arachnida from those in Class Diplopoda?

What is a notable feature of the appendages found in Class Crustacea?

Which reproductive structure is associated with Class Chilopoda?

What is the primary characteristic of appendages in Class Arachnida?

What function do the alary muscles serve in the insect heart?

What happens to the ostia during the diastolic phase of the heart?

What is the primary component of insect hemolymph?

What role do the blood sinuses play in the insect's circulatory system?

What can overwintering insects accumulate in their hemolymph to prevent freezing?

What does the coronal suture typically do on an insect's head capsule?

Which sclerite lies between the frontal sutures on an insect's head?

Where can the occipital suture be found on an insect's head?

What is the primary function of the cervical membrane in insects?

Which sclerite is identified as the 'cheek' of the insect's head?

What is the postoccipital suture a remnant of in insect evolution?

What separates the frons from the clypeus on the insect's head?

What is the structure that serves as a point of attachment for muscles controlling head movements?

Which of the following is considered a remnant of the primitive segments in the head structure of insects?

What is the main role of the apodeme found in the insect head capsule?

Which type of antennae is characterized by segments becoming more slender dorsally?

Which antennae type has segments that are nearly uniform in size and cylindrical?

Which type of antennae is described as abruptly clubbed?

Which type of mouthparts is commonly found in insects that engage in biting and chewing?

Which type of antennae is known for having segments with long, slender lateral processes?

In insects with aristate antennae, what is a notable feature of the last segment?

Which type of antennae is represented by the female giant click beetle?

What type of antennae is most closely associated with male mosquitoes?

Which antennae type is characterized by segments that are similar in size and cylindrical shape?

Which type of mouthparts do insects with piercing and sucking feeding mechanisms primarily utilize?