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Who was responsible for the Public Buildings for Civil services, Health services, Education & Transportation Facility during the American and Japanese era?
William Edward Parsons
Who introduced the building technology 'Kahn Structural System' during the American and Japanese era?
Which architect was nicknamed 'Caminero' or 'Road builder'?
William Edward Parsons
The Master Plan of Manila and Baguio was based on the City Beautiful Movement and the style of ___ and Paladianism of US Capitol.
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When was the concept of the toilet introduced in Manila among dwellers of the bahay kubo?
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Which material was developed to replace nipa as the staple material for urban constructions?
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During the American and Japanese era, the Bureau of Health drew up plans for sanitary habitations using the tsalet prototype.
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Who is the architect mentioned in the text?
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What type of schools did William Edward Parsons work on based on the content?
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The combined toilet and bath with pipe for sanitation discouraged domestic animals under the House. A new feature included extended porc h or veranda.
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Match the following American and Japanese era urban facilities with their descriptions:
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In which years were modern public schools built in the Philippines as mentioned in the content, between 1907 and __ with a budget of P1 million?
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Was Isauro Gabaldon involved in writing the 'Gabaldon Law' to fund the building of modern public schools?
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When was the Spanish-American War fought?
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Which treaty ended the Spanish-American War and led to the acquisition of the Philippines by the United States?
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The United States paid Spain $20 million as part of the Treaty of Paris for public buildings and works in the Philippines.
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The first Philippine Republic was formally established with the proclamation of the Malolos Constitution on January 21, 1899, in Malolos, ______.
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Match the following developments with their locations:
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Where did Tomas B. Mapua establish De La Salle University Manila?
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Where is the Librada Avelino Hall located?
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Which Institute of Technology was founded by Tomas B. Mapua?
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Tomas B. Mapua founded the __________ Institute of Technology.
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Where did Fernando Hizon Ocampo receive his Master's degree?
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What was the specialty of Juan Felipe de Jesus Nakpil in architecture?
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Which building was designed to be one of the tallest residential buildings in the city by Fernando Hizon Ocampo?
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Match the following architects with their notable buildings:
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Who wrote the Gabaldon Law, which provided funding for the building of modern public schools in the Philippines between 1907 and 1915?
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What structures did William Edward Parsons ensure reflected the Spanish heritage in their design?
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Ralph Doane was involved in the construction of the Malacañang Executive House.
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Antonio Mañalac Toledo collaborated with William Parsons on the creation of the __________.
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What institution did Juan De Guzman Arellano study at in 1911?
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Match the following architects with their contributions:
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What is the name of the bank located outside the walls, where Juan De Guzman Arellano worked?
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Juan De Guzman Arellano worked at the Legislative Building, specifically at ______.
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Match the following architects with their respective works:
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What was the reason for Manila being declared an open city in 1941?
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What was the reaction of the citizens when they realized the Americans had abandoned the city to the Japanese?
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On February 5, 1945, the Americans were set to reclaim Manila from the ____________.
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Significant architecture was built during the Japanese occupation.
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What was the purpose of the programs launched by the Japanese Occupation during the war?
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What was the name of the first department store in the Philippines established by Tomas Fernandez Arguelles?
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Which organization was the first professional organization of architects, engineers, and surveyors in the Philippines?
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The First Engineering and Architecture Act No. 2895 granted automatic title of architect to licensed Maestro de Obras in the Philippines. The first registered architect in the Philippines under this act was ___________.
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Andres Luna de San Pedro was the designer of the first earthquake shock-resistant building in Asia.
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Match the following buildings with their architect, Andres Luna de San Pedro:
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Study Notes
American Colonial Architecture
Framing the Imperial Imagination
- The demise of the Spanish Empire at the end of the 19th century enabled the United States to acquire the Philippines, along with other island possessions, through the Treaty of Paris.
- The Treaty of Paris was signed by Spain and the United States on December 10, 1898, and ended the Spanish-American War.
- The treaty led to the United States holding Manila until the disposition of the Philippines had been determined, and Spain ceded Puerto Rico and one of the Mariana Islands to the United States.
- The United States paid Spain $20 million for public buildings and public works in the Philippines.
Philippine Independence
- On June 12, 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo declared the independence of the Philippines from Spain in Kawit, Cavite.
- The First Philippine Republic was established under Asia's first democratic constitution.
- The Malolos Constitution was proclaimed on January 21, 1899, marking the formal establishment of the First Philippine Republic.
Philippine-American War
- The Philippine-American War was fought between the United States and the Philippines from February 1899 to April 1902.
- Filipino revolutionaries under Aguinaldo seized control of most of Luzon and proclaimed the establishment of the independent Philippine Republic.
Theory of Style
- The United States declared Early Colonialization, Colonial Mission, Revival, and Monumental American Neoclassicism as its official style in the Philippines at the beginning of the 20th century.
- Mission Revival style was manifested in the works of architect Edgar K. Bourne, evoking America's Hispanic heritage from the Southwestern Frontiers.
- William E. Parsons further articulated Mission Revival, spawning hybrid architecture in the Philippines.
First Imperial Developments
- The United States constructed forts and camps, including Fort Stotsenburg, Fort William McKinley, Camp John Hay, and others, to establish military control over the Philippines.
- Military camps were built with facilities such as headquarters, officers' housing, enlisted men's barracks, armories, and recreational facilities.
- The United States implemented urban cleansing and sanitation policies, including demolishing Intramuros walls to use stone for paving streets, and filling stagnant moats that bred malaria-carrying mosquitoes.
Tsalet: Healthy Housing Alternative
- The Bureau of Health introduced the tsalet prototype, an alternative to Bahay na Bato, as a sanitary housing model.
- New materials, such as fire-resistant roofing material composed of cement, sand, and rice husk, were developed to replace nipa as the staple material for urban constructions.
Urban Facilities
- The United States developed urban facilities, including street lights, electric street-railway service, sewer systems, city water supply, and modern public market buildings.
- Public spaces were landscaped with lawns, promenades, and pavilions, such as the Mehan Garden and Luneta Esplanade.
Master Builders
- Montgomery Schuyler, an American architectural historian, surveyed Philippine architecture and praised its Spanish heritage.
- Edgar K. Bourne, an architect, developed a style predicated on the extant Spanish built heritage of Manila, dispensing a sense of imperial nostalgia and domesticating local styles.### American and Japanese Era
Master Builders
- Edgar Kett Hum Bourne:
- Bureau of Science Building (1901) - Mission Revival style with two flanking mirador towers, extended pediments, and pre-cast ornaments
- Insular Ice Plant and Cold Storage (1902) - First massive building by Americans, brick-clad façade, largest structure of the period to sustain the absence of cold for Americans
- Renovation of San Lazaro Hospital - Hygienic Morgue with a crematory
- Pioneer Nurses of San Lazaro Hospital
- Bilibid Prison Hospital
- Manila City Hall - Made of imported materials, Californian Red Wood wall shingles, Oregon pine wooden floor, and concrete footing
- Customs House (1903) - Made of imported materials, Californian Red Wood wall shingles, Oregon pine wooden floor, and concrete dome footing
- Episcopalian Cathedral of Saint Mary and John (1905) - 1st modern church in concrete, steel truss dome
- In 1903, Bureau of Architecture and Construction became Bureau of Public Works; Bourne ended his position due to controversy and political issues
Daniel Hudson Burnham
- Conscripted his services to architecturally materialize the imperial ambition to build an American tropical empire
- Six-week mission to survey Manila and Baguio
- City Beautiful Movement:
- Civic core
- Wide radial avenues
- Landscape promenades
- Visually arresting panorama
- Urbanist Aesthetics Philosophy of City Beautiful found expression in the White City at the Columbian World's Fair held in Chicago in 1893
- Recommendations:
- Establishment of Civic Core with streets radiating in it
- Cleaning and development of canals and esteros for transportation
- Construction of a bay shore boulevard from Manila to Cavite
- Provisions of zones for major public facilities
- Parks and open spaces for recreational activities
- Summer Resorts
- Master Plan of Manila:
- Based on City Beautiful Movement and style of Neo-Classicism and Paladianism of the US Capitol
- Master Plan of Baguio:
- Health Resort of Americans
- An upland climate believed to be an effective cure to tropical fatigue of Americans
- Baguio was declared by the Philippine Commission as the Summer Capital of the Philippines on June 1, 1903
- Recreation hub of the Americans
- 3 proposal objectives:
- To provide a street system adapted to the changing contours, easy communication, and avoiding east-west & north-south orientation of building lines
- To provide suitable locations for public, semi-public, and private institutions of importance
- To provide recreational areas in the shape of playgrounds, parks, and open esplanades and parkways
William Edward Parsons
- Recommended by Burnham personally to continue the Beautiful City Movement
- Nicknamed "Caminero" or "Road Builder"
- Introduced the building technology "Kahn Structural System" which included:
- Terrazzo stones and veneer flooring
- Steel
- Galvanized iron roof
- Prefabrication
- Reinforced concrete
- Concrete hollow blocks
- Problem - absence of skilled workers
- Responsible for public buildings for civil services, health services, education, and transportation facilities
- Planning with the use of modularized system theory of styles: buildings with Neoclassic rendition, large with Capiz windows extended to the floor, and arcaded or colonnade### American and Japanese Era
Master Builders
William Edward Parsons
- Designed several notable buildings in the Philippines, including:
- Albay Provincial Capitol
- Laguna Provincial Capitol
- Capiz Provincial Capitol
- Iloilo Provincial Capitol
- Marinduque Provincial Capitol
- Pampanga Provincial Capitol
- Davao Municipal Building
- Paco Rail Station (based on York Penn Station)
- Paco Public Market
- Philippine Normal University
- Philippine Normal University - Dormitory
- Philippine General Hospital
- University of the Philippines - University Hall
- University of the Philippines - Manila Rizal Hall
- Army Navy Club
- Army Navy Club and Elks Club
- Elks Club
- Manila Club
- YMCA Building
- Manila Hotel (introduced telephone, air-condition, and lifts/elevators)
- Designed Gabaldon Type Schools, which:
- Reflected Spanish heritage in design
- Embodied modern ideals
- Had high ceilings and large windows for ventilation and lighting
- Were raised 1.2 meters on wooden or concrete platforms
Gabaldon Type Schools
- Developed as a result of the "Gabaldon Law" or Act No. 1801 (1907)
- Provided funding for building modern public schools in the country between 1907 and 1915 with a budget of P1 million
- Contributed to educational development for women and sports
William Edward Parsons' Career
- Ended due to controversy in 1912
- US changed its policies, decreasing American colonial machinery and hastening the process of allowing the Philippines to pursue its independence
George Fenhagen
- Remembered for the UNBUILT Capitol Building in Manila
- Designed the Masonic Temple, one of the first multi-story concrete buildings in the Philippines
Ralph Doane
- Took full charge as Consulting Architect
- Designed several notable buildings, including:
- Capitols Buildings (composed of court house, jail, garage, storeroom, hospital, and residence of Provincial Governor and Provincial Treasurer)
- Pangasinan Provincial Capitol
- Leyte Provincial Capitol
- Legislative building (intended for National Library of the Philippines)
- Malacañang Executive House (introduced air-conditioning system in 1936)
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Description
This quiz explores the history of architecture, focusing on American Colonial Architecture, as part of a broader course outline covering pre-historic to modern architectural styles.
