Philippine Architecture and Early Shelters
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Questions and Answers

What is considered the 'Cradle of Philippine Civilization'?

  • Intramuros
  • Mayon Volcano
  • Tabon Cave, Palawan (correct)
  • Rizal Park

What significant evidence was found in the Tabon Cave?

  • Gold jewelry
  • Ancient ships
  • Writing tablets
  • Wooden tools (correct)

Which artifact signifies early Filipinos' belief in life after death?

  • Lingling-o
  • Hulngat
  • Bangan
  • Manunggul Jar (correct)

What structure did the Tau’t Bato predominantly use for their dwellings?

<p>Caves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a datag in the context of early Philippine shelters?

<p>A raised sleeping platform (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cultures did NOT influence Philippine architecture?

<p>Australian (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique feature of the Manunggul Jar?

<p>It is painted with natural pigments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are idjangs in early Philippine settlements?

<p>Elevated settlements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of nomadism in terms of construction materials?

<p>Requirement for materials that are temporary and portable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of architecture was one of the earliest artifacts created by humans?

<p>Ephemeral architecture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the LEAN-TO structure built by early Filipinos?

<p>Act as a wind, sun, and rain screen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reinforces racial stereotypes in arboreal shelters according to post-Darwinian concepts?

<p>The use of trees for elevated living spaces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are tree houses commonly constructed in certain regions?

<p>To protect against intertribal conflicts and animal attacks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable achievement of the Rice Terraces of the Cordilleras?

<p>It showcases pre-modern engineering and megalithic architecture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the construction of rice terraces in mountainous terrain reflect?

<p>An adaptation to environmental challenges for cultivation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is NOT mentioned as using tree houses?

<p>Igorots of Baguio (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary material used to construct the walls of the Bahay Kubo?

<p>Nipa leaves or split bamboo (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural element is responsible for providing stability to the posts of the Bahay Kubo?

<p>Rocks inserted around the posts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the height of the Bahay Kubo from the ground?

<p>6 to 14 feet high (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is NOT associated with the structure of a Bahay Kubo?

<p>Substructure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of roof is commonly found on a Bahay Kubo?

<p>Medium to high-pitched roof (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Bahay Kubo's windows?

<p>Overhanging and wide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of 'bahay' in the context of Bahay Kubo?

<p>House (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is used to construct the Bahay Kubo without nails?

<p>Lashing of rattan or bamboo strips (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated amount of stones used by the Ifugao in constructing the Banaue Rice Terraces compared to those used in other architectural wonders?

<p>It far exceeds the bulk of those used in the Pyramids or the Great Wall of China. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies one of the basic elements of the Banaue Rice Terraces?

<p>The terrace base. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key characteristic distinguishes vernacular architecture?

<p>The adaptation to geographical environments using natural materials. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of architecture emphasizes the distinction between 'primal' and 'cultivated' forms?

<p>Primitive architecture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes anonymous architecture?

<p>It reflects a bias towards buildings designed anonymously. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is NOT associated with vernacular architecture?

<p>Use of modern construction materials. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element reflects the balance between functionality and aesthetic in vernacular architecture?

<p>Social and economic considerations in design. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ethnic architecture relate to the dominant cosmopolitan culture?

<p>It reflects an exoticization of ethnic groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of roof design is characteristic of the Northern style Kalinga house?

<p>Steep pyramidal or hip roof (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is NOT associated with the Southern style Kalinga house?

<p>Use of bamboo shingles for the roof (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which description accurately describes the Isneg (Apayao Region) Binuron house?

<p>The roof resembles an inverted hull with a gable type. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of the Binayon or Finaryon house?

<p>Octagonal shape with a combination of Northern and Southern construction styles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Northern style of Kalinga house design, how is the space below the floor utilized?

<p>The space is not used. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which construction feature is common to both Northern and Southern style Kalinga houses?

<p>Dual sets of posts supporting both floor and roof (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the Southern style Kalinga house exemplifies its practical and ritual organization?

<p>Clear levels and sections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the lateral platforms in Kalinga and Isneg houses?

<p>Sleeping space and storage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the 'kinimpal' roof system used in the octagonal house?

<p>To use several layers of bamboo for strength (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the 'Sinadumparan' or Maytuab house uniquely configured?

<p>It has a basement that is partially submerged for storage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What material do the Ivatans use to construct their more familiar houses known as Cal Y Canto?

<p>Stone and mortar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing feature of the Kankana-ey traditional house?

<p>A high, steep, hipped roof that parallels the front (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these features is characteristic of the Ifugao Bale house?

<p>A three-level structure with distinctive sections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'hagabi' in the Ifugao culture?

<p>To provide a space for socialization underneath the house (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key architectural trait of the Rakuh house?

<p>It features thick stone and lime masonry with a gable or hip roof (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How high is the floor of the living quarters in the octagonal house above the ground?

<p>1.20 m (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Early Philippine Shelter

Early shelters in the Philippines, predating the arrival of foreigners. They were simple structures, often using natural materials, reflecting the environment.

Tabon Cave

A cave in Palawan, Philippines, considered the "Cradle of Philippine Civilization" due to its archaeological finds.

Tabon Man

The oldest human fossil evidence found in the Tabon Cave, representing an important step in understanding human history in the archipelago.

Manunggul Jar

A significant burial jar found in the Tabon Cave, showcasing the belief in an afterlife in early Filipino culture.

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Tau't Bato

People who lived in the caves of southern Palawan, reflecting a way of life adapting to cave dwellings in the area.

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Datag

A basic sleeping platform built within a cave, made from natural materials, highlighting practicality and resourcefulness.

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Idjang

A settlement of early Ivatans located on elevated hills, signifying a resourceful adaptation to their terrain.

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Philippine Architecture

A blend of indigenous, vernacular and foreign architectural styles, showcasing the various influences that shaped the nation's built environment through time.

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Nomadism

A way of life characterized by constant movement and lack of a permanent settlement.

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Ephemeral Architecture

Short-lived structures made from readily available materials used by nomadic or temporary populations.

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Lean-to

A simple shelter often used by nomadic groups, angled against the wind, sun, and rain.

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Arboreal Shelter

Shelters built in trees, often used for protection from enemies or animals.

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Tree House

A dwelling constructed in a tree, often elevated to provide protection from attack.

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Rice Terraces

Stepped fields created in mountainous areas for rice cultivation.

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Prehistoric Mega Structures

Large-scale structures built during pre-historic times.

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Philippines

A group of islands in Southeast Asia, with diverse cultural practices and historical architecture.

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Banaue Rice Terraces

A system of agricultural terraces carved into the mountains in the Philippines, notable for its extensive stonework.

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Vernacular Architecture

Indigenous, traditional architecture, often built by local communities, adapting to the environment.

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Primitive Architecture

A biased term contrasting 'primitive' with 'civilized', often used to devalue non-Western building styles.

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Indigenous Architecture

Architecture created by the original inhabitants of a place. Can be contrasted to architecture of settlers/colonizers.

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Anonymous Architecture

Architecture not designed by named architects, often overlooked in design history or study.

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Folk Architecture

Traditional building methods used by common people, often with social and economic factors influencing the design.

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Ethnic Architecture

Architecture with a particular ethnic style, but often exoticized or misrepresented by a dominant culture.

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Principal features of Vernacular Architecture (builders)

Buildings built by non-professional builders, often tailored to the local environment using intuitive methods and modifications.

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Bahay Kubo

A traditional Filipino house, often built on stilts, using readily available natural materials like bamboo and nipa.

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Stilts (Bahay Kubo)

Supporting structures that elevate the house above the ground, often for protection from pests and dampness.

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Nipa

Plant leaves used to make walls and roofs of the bahay kubo.

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Kilo (structure)

Structural element in Filipino houses, likely referring to primary beams or structural components creating rigid framework.

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Reostra (roof)

Longitudinal horizontal roof member of a building's frame and roof structure.

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Pawid (material)

Plant or its leaves used traditionally for roofing and walling in Filipino houses.

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Structural Elements

The parts of a house that give it form, support, and stability

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Bamboo

A tall grass used in construction. Houses were often constructed with bamboo to support the roof and walls

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Kalinga House Styles

Northern and Southern style houses differ in roof style, construction material, interior space utilization, and the use of platforms .

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Binuron House (Isneg)

A Northern style Kalinga house influenced by boat design, with a gable roof, and 15 posts supporting the structure.

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Binayon/Finaryon House (Kalinga)

Octagonal Kalinga house combining northern and southern construction techniques with 4 posts, 2 girders, and 3 joists.

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House Cage (Ifugao, Kankanai, Ibaloi)

A living area located within the house structure of the northern tribes, and among Bontoc and Sagada is a granary.

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Northern Kalinga Platform

Lateral platforms in Northern Kalinga houses are used as headrests and storage.

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Southern Kalinga Levels

Southern Kalinga houses have multiple levels with clearly defined sections.

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Kalinga House Floor

The Northern Kalinga house floor is raised from the ground, and the space below is not used.

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Roof Types in Kalinga Houses

Northern Kalinga houses primarily have steep pyramidal or hip roofs, while Southern ones have more gable roofs.

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Ivatans' House (Cal y Canto)

Stone and mortar house built by Ivatans using lime processing knowledge, designed to resist storms and earthquakes

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Sinadumparan/Maytuab House

One-story house with a partially submerged basement, used for storage, adaptable to roof configurations

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Raku House

Two-story house with thick stone walls, a gable or hip roof, and a complex truss system of bamboo, reed, rattan, and cogon thatch.

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Fale/Bale House

Three-level structure (stone pavement, house cage, roof), often with a shelf or loft (granary) within the house structure

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Kankana-ey House (Binangiyan)

Traditional house of the Kankana-ey people, with a high, steep, hipped roof & ridge parallel to the front, and a roof that drops to 1.50 meters

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Dattagon

Wide middle section of an Ivatans’ house's floor area

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Sipi

Slightly narrow elevated side sections of an Ivatans’ house's floor area

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Kinimpal

Roof system using layers of bamboo; a roof component that covers and protects the house from all elements.

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Study Notes

Philippine Architecture

  • Philippine architecture is a mix of indigenous, vernacular, and foreign styles
  • Styles include Malayan, Muslim, Chinese, Spanish, American, and European influences

Early Philippine Shelters

  • Early shelters were considered the "Early Philippine Shelter"
  • These shelters were constructed by the earliest inhabitants in caves.
  •  Tabon Cave in Palawan, is considered the "Cradle of Philippine Civilization"

Tabon Cave, Palawan

  • Contains valuable artifacts depicting early human life
  • Artifacts include burial jars, wooden tools, and cave wall inscriptions
  • The main cave is called Tabon, named after a megapode bird
  • The site provides evidence of human presence during the Pleistocene period

Tabon Man

  • The oldest human fossil evidence discovered in Tabon Cave

Manunggul Jar

  • A significant artifact signifying the early Filipinos' beliefs about life after death.
  • Decorated with curvilinear designs and natural iron or hematite paint
  • Has a boat on the lid illustrating souls on a journey to the afterlife

Tau't Batu

  • People in Southern Palawan still live in caves.
  • The way they build their homes depends on the condition of the cave.

Datag

  •  A basic sleeping platform made of tree branches and leaves, inside caves.
  • Located in proximity to the fire, providing warmth during the night.

Idjang

  • A settlement of early Ivatans before the arrival of foreigners.
  • Settlements are located on elevated difficult-to-climb hills.

Nomadism and Ephemeral Architecture

  • Nomadic lifestyles necessitate portable and easily dismantled structures
  • Ephemeral architecture is a short-lived form of shelter using readily available materials
  • Early Filipinos used lean-tos, temporary wind/sun/rain screens anchored to a ground-level pole, primarily used by Negritos, Aetas, and Dumagats

Arboreal Shelter

  • Tree houses were built in areas with frequent intertribal conflicts and raids.
  • Tree houses were elevated for protection from animals and humans

Tree House

  • Built on forked branches of trees (20-60 ft above ground)
  • Used by various tribes including Gadangs of Kalinga, Manobos,Mandayas, etc

Pre-Historic Mega Structures - Rice Terraces

  • Mountainous terrain in the Asia-Pacific region has been shaped into terraced landscapes for rice cultivation
  • The Rice Terraces of the Cordilleras are a masterpiece of pre-modern engineering and megalithic architecture
  •  Amazing examples can be seen in Banaue rice terraces.

Defining Vernacular Architecture

  • Vernacular architecture in the Philippines encompasses indigenous, folk, and traditional architectural styles found in different ethnolinguistic communities.
  • Primarily dwelling forms, whether permanent or temporary, created by residents or communities, utilizing readily available resources

Primitive, Indigenous, Anonymous, Folk and Ethnic Architecture

  •  Primitive architecture emphasizes the distinction between "primal" and "civilized" building forms
  • Indigenous architecture is introduced by immigrants/colonists to benefit from the indigenous designs
  • Anonymous architecture describes buildings by known architects, class-tinged architectural styles
  • Ethnic architecture represents exoticization of non-dominant/cosmopolitan cultures

Principal Features of Vernacular Architecture

  • Builders are non-professional architects, adapting designs to geography
  • Construction is intuitive, lacking blueprints, with room for adjustments
  • Designs balance social/economic function with aesthetics
  • Architectural styles evolve over time, with distinct ethnic styles.

Ethnic and Regional Ethnic Houses

  • Different regional houses display unique architectural features tailored to their environment
  • Examples include the bahay kubo (nipa hut), mountain houses, and coastal/inland dwellings

Bahay Kubo

  • Evolved from the word "balai" (vernacular for house), derived from the Spanish word "cubo" (cube)
  • Often square or rectangular with a medium to high-pitched roof
  • Wide overhanging windows and light walls above stilts
  • Constructed with locally available materials such as grass, nipa, cogon, bamboo.

Structural Elements of Bahay Kubo

  • Stilts (6-14 ft high) were used for protection against dampness and animals
  • Posts are inserted into holes dug 3 ft deep in the ground.
  • Rocks and flat slabs were used to support the structures further
  • Walls are woven with nipa leaves or bamboo.

Components of Bahay Kubo

  • (Detailed description of the parts of the house and their functions)

Northern Style Houses / Southern Style Houses

  •  Different roofing and structural features distinguish northern and southern types

Isneg (Apayao Region) - Binuron House

  • Inspired by boat design
  •  Roof resembles an inverted hull
  • 15 posts (8 for floor, 6 for roof, 1 for ridge)
  • Annex is added ("tarakip")

Binayon or Finaryon House (Upper Kalinga)

  • Octagonal shape (8 sides)
  • Combinations of post, girders, and joists, adapted from northern design
  • Ground level not used
  • Middle section ("dattagon") and elevated side sections ("sipi")

Batanes - Ivatans Houses

  • Houses are built to withstand storms, sea spray, earthquakes, rains
  • Ivatans use lime and thick stone to construct multi-storey buildings
  • Houses can have partially submerged basements

Ifugao - Fale/ Bale Houses

  •   Three-level structures with stone pavements, house cages, and roofs.
  •  Posts used are shoulder-height.
  •   Space allocated for granaries, and slaughter areas
  •   Other details about the rooms and parts of the building

Kankana-ey - Binangiyan

  •   Steep, hipped roof
  •  Roof drops to 1.50m above the ground
  •  Cage-like structure for socialized areas
  •  Planks laid above ground level form a platform at the base of the eaves

Bontoc - Fayu Houses

  •   Similar in basic form to Ifugao houses, but with quarters at ground level
  •   House cage serves as a granary
  •  Walls up to waist level, with an opening protected by eaves
  •   Additional spaces like “falig” are designed for granaries

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Description

Explore the rich tapestry of Philippine architecture that combines indigenous and foreign styles. Discover the significance of early shelters, artifacts found in Tabon Cave, and the cultural beliefs represented by the Manunggul Jar. This quiz will take you through the historical development of Filipino habitats and their archaeological importance.

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