Philippine Agriculture and Land Reform
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Questions and Answers

Explain how the conversion of agricultural land to commercial land contributes to agricultural problems in the Philippines.

The conversion reduces the land available for farming, leading to decreased agricultural output and potential food shortages. It also displaces farmers and disrupts rural economies.

Describe the role of Farmer's Cooperatives in addressing the agricultural problems in the Philippines.

Farmer's Cooperatives provide farmers access to resources, credit, and markets. They help farmers negotiate better prices, reduce costs, and improve their income and overall sustainability.

How did the Hukbalahap movement during the Japanese Occupation impact land ownership in Central Luzon?

Landlords who supported the Japanese lost their lands to peasants, and those who supported the Huks earned fixed rentals in favor of tenants.

Explain how the establishment of the National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC) aimed to support both poor tenants and consumers.

<p>NARIC stabilized the price of rice and corn, ensuring affordable prices for consumers and fair compensation for tenants, thus protecting both groups from market fluctuations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Public Land Act of 1903 in the context of land reform during the American Period?

<p>It introduced the Homestead System, distributing public lands to families for cultivation, with ownership limited to 16 hectares per family. This aimed to promote wider land ownership and agricultural development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did R.A. 34 and R.A. 55 during President Roxas' term aim to protect the rights of tenants?

<p>R.A. 34 regulated share-tenancy contracts by establishing a 70-30 sharing arrangement, while R.A. 55 provided safeguards against arbitrary eviction of tenants, strengthening their security of tenure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the connection between the Philippines being a 'dollar earner' and its role as a 'supplier of raw materials'.

<p>The Philippines earns dollars through the exportation of agricultural products (raw materials). These raw materials are sold to other countries, generating revenue in foreign currency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the four subsectors of agriculture (farming, fisheries, livestock, and forestry), in what ways could advancements in technology and technical know-how most significantly benefit each subsector?

<p>Farming: precision agriculture; Fisheries: sustainable aquaculture; Livestock: improved breeding techniques; and Forestry: sustainable forest management practices. All leading to resource optimization and increased productivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Farming

One of the 4 subsectors of agriculture, focused on cultivating crops.

Fisheries

One of the 4 subsectors of agriculture, focused on catching or raising fish and other seafood.

Livestock

One of the 4 subsectors of agriculture, focused on raising animals for meat, milk, or other products.

Forestry

One of the 4 subsectors of agriculture, focused on managing and harvesting timber, pulpwood, and other forest products.

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Dollar Earner (Agriculture)

Selling agricultural goods internationally to generate revenue.

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Land Conversion

The change of agricultural land into land for buildings or commercial use.

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Land Reform

Programs designed to redistribute land to landless farmers.

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Philippine Bill of 1902

Act limiting land ownership to 16 hectares for private individuals and 1,024 hectares for corporations.

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Study Notes

  • Philippine agriculture comprises four subsectors: farming, fisheries, livestock, and forestry.

Importance of Agriculture

  • Agriculture is a dollar earner through exporting goods.
  • It supplies raw materials.
  • Agriculture is a consumer of industrial products.
  • It provides employment.

Agricultural Problems

  • Environmental damage occurs.
  • Agricultural land is converted to commercial land.
  • There is a lack of capital.
  • There is a lack of modern equipment and technical know-how.

Land Reform

  • Land reform programs aim to provide lands to landless farmers.
  • Agrarian reforms provide aid to farmers, protect the price of agricultural products, build infrastructure and create Farmer’s cooperatives.

Evolution of Land Reform

  • Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo intended to confiscate large estates, especially friar lands, as declared in the Malolos Constitution, but the plan was not implemented.

American Period

  • The Philippine Bill of 1902 limited land ownership to 16 hectares for private individuals and 1,024 hectares for corporations.
  • The Land Registration Act of 1902 required land titles to be registered under the Torrens System.
  • The Public Land Act of 1903 introduced the Homestead System, distributing public lands to families who till the land with a limit of 16 hectares per family.
  • The Tenancy Act of 1933 regulated the relationship between landowners and tenants of rice and sugarcane lands (50-50 sharing).

Commonwealth Period

  • Commonwealth Act No. 178 amended the Rice Tenancy Act No. 4045, providing for certain controls in the landlord-tenant relationship.
  • The National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC) established the price of rice and corn to help poor tenants and consumers.

Japanese Occupation

  • The Hukbalahap (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon) controlled areas of Central Luzon.
  • Landlords who supported the Japanese lost their lands to peasants.
  • Those who supported the Huks earned fixed rentals in favor of tenants.

President Manuel Roxas

  • RA.34 regulated share-tenancy contracts with a 70-30 sharing arrangement.
  • RA.55 provided more effective safeguards against arbitrary eviction of tenants.

President Elpidio Quirino

  • EO. 355 replaced the National Land Settlement Administration with Land Settlement Development (LASEDECO), which took over responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice and Corn Production Administration.

President Ramon Magsaysay

  • RA 1160 abolished LASEDECO and established NARRA to manage the distribution of lands to rebel returnees.
  • RA 1999 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) provided security of tenure for tenants.
  • It governed the relationship between landowners and tenant farmers by organizing share-tenancy and leasehold systems.
  • It created the Court of Agrarian Relations.
  • RA 821 (Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration) provided small farmers and share tenants loans with low interest rates of 6-8%.

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Description

Overview of Philippine agriculture subsectors, importance, and problems. Discussion of land reform programs aimed at providing land to farmers and agrarian reforms to aid them. Evolution of land reform from Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo to the American Period.

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