Agrarian Reform in the Philippines

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Questions and Answers

What was a significant focus of President Rodrigo Duterte's direction to the Department of Agrarian Reform?

Promote industrial farming practices

Facilitate urban development projects

Enhance efficiency in government operations

Distribute land to landless farmers (correct)

What historical significance does Hacienda Luisita hold in relation to American and Japanese colonization?

It supplied almost 20% of all sugar in the US (correct)

It was a major exporter of rice

It was the first hacienda established in the Philippines

It was primarily focused on tobacco production

Who reportedly blocked the sale of Hacienda Luisita to the Lopez family?

Ramon Magsaysay (correct)

Jose Cojuangco Sr.

Rodrigo Duterte

Benigno Simeon 'Ninoy' Aquino Jr.

What government institutions were involved in assisting the Cojuangcos with acquiring Hacienda Luisita?

Central Bank and Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) Signup and view all the answers

What event involved farmers from Hacienda Luisita walking to Mendiola?

The Mendiola Massacre Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of agrarian reform?

Improving the agricultural sector and supporting rural communities Signup and view all the answers

Which system was implemented during American colonization to formalize land ownership?

Torrens Land Registration System Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the Japanese colonization regarding tenancy?

Raising of rent and eviction of tenants Signup and view all the answers

What aspect did the Rice Share Tenancy Act aim to protect?

Rights of Filipino tenants against landlords Signup and view all the answers

Which group was primarily associated with the Encomienda system during Spanish colonization?

Spanish landowners Signup and view all the answers

Which Act restricted the sale of public lands such as forests and parks during American colonization?

Public Land Act (Act of 2874) Signup and view all the answers

During the agrarian reform process, besides land redistribution, what other support is essential for farmers?

Access to credit, inputs, and markets Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the roles of hacienderos in the historical context of agrarian reform?

Holding significant land ownership and power Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of Presidential Decree 27 issued by Ferdinand Marcos Sr.?

To expropriate and redistribute private agricultural lands Signup and view all the answers

Which president was the first to give serious attention to agrarian reform?

Ramon Magsaysay Signup and view all the answers

Which law expanded the coverage of agrarian reform to include all agricultural lands regardless of size?

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) Signup and view all the answers

What program did Fidel Ramos implement to assist farmers?

Agrarian Reform Community Development Program Signup and view all the answers

Which president continued the CARL and ARCDP and established the Presidential Agrarian Reform Council?

Joseph Estrada Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of Executive Order 446 issued by Gloria Macapagal Arroyo?

Issuing Certificates of Land Ownership Award Signup and view all the answers

Which president's agricultural reform initiatives were significantly hindered by inefficiency?

Ferdinand Marcos Sr. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms (CARPER) established by Benigno Aquino III?

To extend agrarian reform coverage to more land Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

### Agrarian Reform

A comprehensive approach to improving the agricultural sector.
Includes land redistribution, credit access, market improvements and rural community services.
Land reform is the redistribution of land from large landowners to small farmers or landless peasants.
The Philippines has a total land area of 300,000 square kilometers, with 42.5% used for agriculture.
It is one of the most agriculturally intensive countries in Southeast Asia.
The agricultural sector employs a quarter of the Filipino population.

Historical Background: Spanish Colonization

Encomienda System - Spaniards owned land previously owned by Filipinos.
Friar Lands - Owned by the Catholic Church.
Haciendas - Large estates owned by wealthy Filipinos of Spanish descent.
Reservation and Forced Relocations - Filipinos were relocated to mountainous areas.
Royal Grants and Titles - Land was granted to individuals by the Spanish Crown.
Remontados - Filipinos who were forced to relocate to the mountains.

Historical Background: American Colonization

Torrens Land Registration System - Formalized land ownership.
Public Land Act - Prohibited the purchase of public land such as forests and parks.
Rice Share Tenancy Act - Protected Filipino tenants and regulated land ownership.

Historical Background: Japanese Colonization

Abolished Tenancy Act - Landlords could evict tenants without legal recourse.
Rent Increases - Landlords raised rent rates.

Philippine Presidents and Agrarian Reform

President Ramon Magsaysay (1954 -1957) - First president to focus on agrarian reform. - Established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA). - Enacted the Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954, which regulated landlord-tenant relationships.
President Diosdado Macapagal (1961 - 1965) - Enacted the Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963, which aimed to expropriate and redistribute private agricultural lands to tenant farmers. - The code was not fully implemented.
President Ferdinand Marcos Sr.(1965 - 1986) - Issued Presidential Decree 27 in 1972. - Expropriated and redistributed private agricultural lands larger than 7 hectares. - Implementation was slow and inefficient, with benefits going to Marcos's cronies.
President Corazon Aquino (1986 - 1992) - Implemented the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) in 1988.
- Expanded the scope of agrarian reform to include all agricultural lands regardless of size.. - Implementation was slow and inefficient.
President Fidel Ramos ( 1992 - 1998) - Focused on the Agrarian Reform Community Development Program (ARCDP), which provided farmers with access to credit, inputs, and markets.
President Joseph Estrada (1998-2001) - Continued CARL and ARCDP. - Established the Presidential Agrarian Reform Council (PARC) to coordinate government agencies involved in agrarian reform.
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001-2010) - Issued Executive Order 446, which addressed Certificate of Land Ownership Award (CLOAs).
President Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016) - Established the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms (CARPER) to extend agrarian reform coverage to another 1 million hectares of land.
President Rodrigo Duterte (2016-2022) - Directed the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) to prioritize land distribution to landless farmers. - Implementation was slow and inefficient.

Hacienda Luisita

Owned by the Lopez family since 1882.
Produced sugar cane, cigarettes, and sugar.
Supplied almost 20% of the sugar to the United States during American Colonization.
Continued operations during Japanese Colonization.
The Cojuangco family acquired Hacienda Luisita in 1958 through the Tarlac Development Corporation (TADECO).
Acquisition was facilitated by the Philippine government through the Central Bank and the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS), with the condition of redistributing the land among tenants.

The Mendiola Massacre

In November 16, 2004, farmers from Hacienda Luisita marched to Mendiola, a symbolic location in Manila.
The march resulted in a clash with police that led to the deaths of several farmers.

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Description

Explore the critical components of agrarian reform in the Philippines, including land redistribution, access to credit, and market improvements. Understand the historical impact of Spanish colonization on land ownership and the agricultural landscape in the country. This quiz delves into the complex relationship between land rights and agricultural development.