Phenolic Compounds and Their Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is a key structural feature shared by all phenolic compounds?

  • A long-chain fatty acid with carboxyl groups.
  • An aromatic ring with at least one hydroxyl group. (correct)
  • A saturated carbon ring with multiple hydroxyl groups.
  • A heterocyclic ring with nitrogen and sulfur

    • Which biochemical pathway is primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of benzoic acids and cinnamic acid derivatives?

  • The acetate pathway.
  • The fatty acid synthesis pathway
  • The shikimate pathway. (correct)
  • The mevalonate pathway.

    • According to the content, what is the primary function of phenolic compounds in plants?

  • Primary energy storage.
  • Structural support.
  • Defense mechanisms and waste products. (correct)
  • Regulation of water transport

    • Which of the following is a traditional use of Java Tea (Misai Kucing)?

    <p>As a diuretic and for kidney/bladder disorders. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main structural difference between monocaffeoyltartaric acid and dicaffeoyltartaric acid?

    <p>The number of caffeoyl groups attached to the tartaric acid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what specific biological activity is associated with 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid?

    <p>Inhibition of HIV-1 integrase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is found in Echinacea angustifolia and is mentioned as an inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase?

    <p>Chicoric acid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the acetate pathway according to the content?

    <p>Biosynthesis of aromatic polyketides such as simple phenols. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core structure from which ellagitannins are derived?

    <p>Hexahydroxydiphenic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these compounds is a stilbene?

    <p>Resveratrol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of Lawsone?

    <p>Fungicide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, what is the primary source of resveratrol?

    <p>Grapes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a listed property of resveratrol?

    <p>Fungicide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information provided, what is the local name for Senna?

    <p>Gelenggang kecil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is classified as complex tannins?

    <p>Ellagitannins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can ellagitannins be complexed with?

    <p>Flavonoids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is NOT associated with laxative properties?

    <p>Curcumin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of gingerols according to the information provided?

    <p>Cholagogue and hepatoprotective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a traditional use of turmeric?

    <p>Choleretic and cholagogue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural difference between sennidin A and sennidin B?

    <p>The stereochemistry at the 10 and 10' positions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided information, what is the use of powdered ginger?

    <p>Antinausea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs of phytochemicals are both classified as flavone glycosides?

    <p>Diosmetin and rutin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a fruit containing anthocyanins?

    <p>Witch hazel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of tannins derived from pale catechu leaves?

    <p>As an astringent and antidiarrheal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the given flavan-3-ols are linked via 4→8 or 4→6 bonds to form a procyanidin?

    <p>Epigallocatechine gallate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a common source of tannins?

    <p>Witch hazel bark and leaves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary use of anthocyanins?

    <p>As vitamin P &amp; non-toxic coloring agents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of hydrolysable tannins?

    <p>They are esters of glucose and phenolic acid molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided structures, which anthocyanidin has two methoxy ($OCH_3$) groups and one hydroxyl ($OH$) group attached to the core structure?

    <p>Petunidin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following phytochemicals is specifically associated with potential anticancer properties?

    <p>Epigallocatechine gallate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the listed sources is primarily associated with cardiac, diuretic, astringent, and tonic effects?

    <p>Hawthorn (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of furocoumarins?

    <p>They are known for their ability to promote skin pigmentation and treat psoriasis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Podophyllotoxin is used as a precursor for the synthesis of which of the following?

    <p>Etoposide and tenoposide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of coumaroyl CoA in the biosynthesis of flavonoids?

    <p>It serves as a building block for chalcones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of flavanones, flavones and flavonols?

    <p>They have anti-inflammatory properties derived from oxygenase inhibition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the given compounds is a good example of an anthocyanidin?

    <p>A compound that has red, blue and violet pigments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biological property is associated with plant pigments like chalcones and flavonols?

    <p>Yellow coloration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of flavonoids as 'free radical scavengers'?

    <p>Protection against age-related cell degeneration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main medical use of rutin?

    <p>As a treatment for capillary bleeding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about quercetin?

    <p>It is a powerful antioxidant that can chelate metals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is the key action of citroflavonoids?

    <p>Found in the fruits and peels of citrus species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of lignans?

    <p>Podophyllotoxin is a member of the lignan class (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between psoralen, bergapten, and xanthotoxin?

    <p>They are all examples of furocoumarins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between a flavanone vs. a flavanonol?

    <p>Flavanonols contain an additional hydroxyl group at position 3, while flavanones do not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between chalcones and flavanones in flavonoid biosynthesis?

    <p>Chalcones are precursors for flavanones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between proanthocyanidins and flavan-3-ols?

    <p>Proanthocyanidins are polymers of flavan-3-ols (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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