PhChem 5: Antifungal Agents and Fungal Infections

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Questions and Answers

What is NOT a method of transmission for TB?

Sneezing
Shaking hands (correct)
Coughing
Sharing food or drink

What is the purpose of a Tubercular Skin Test?

To diagnose TB
To monitor treatment progress
To screen for TB
To determine the risk of TB (correct)

Why is combination therapy given for the treatment of TB?

To increase the spectrum of antibiotics
To reduce the duration of treatment
To reduce the toxicity of individual drugs (correct)
To target different forms of TB

What is the purpose of Directly Observed Therapy (DOTS)?

To ensure patient adherence to therapy (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a high-risk Tubercular Skin Test?

>10mm (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of fungal infections?

Invasion of epithelial tissue by microscopic organisms (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of polyene antifungal agents?

Broad spectrum against pathogenic yeast, molds, and dermatophytes (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of amphotericin B?

Nephrotoxicity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of higher molecular weight fatty acids in topical antifungal agents?

Lower volatility (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of salt forms of topical antifungal agents?

Fungicidal in nature (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique characteristic of benzoic acid as an antifungal agent?

Cannot penetrate the skin (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Griseofulvin?

Inhibiting the mitotic spindle (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antifungal agents is isolated from Streptomyces noursei?

Nystatin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Clotrimazole (Canesten)?

Topical treatment of tinea and candidiasis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antifungal agents is an allylamine?

Terbinafine (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Fluconazole among the azole antifungal agents?

The only water-soluble azole (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of Naftifine HCl?

Topical treatment of ringworm, athlete's foot, and jock itch (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Echinocandins?

Blocks Beta-glucan synthase (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of Flucytosine?

Treatment of infection caused by Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission of Tuberculosis?

Through air from one person to another (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Flucytosine's inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis?

Unbalanced growth and death of the fungal organism (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the causative organism of Tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is theDOC for Aspergillosis?

Echinocandins (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of action of Quinolones?

Inhibit DNA Gyrase (Topoisomerase II) and Topoisomerase IV (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Benzoyl benzoate?

Topically applied scabivide (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the current recommended treatment phase for Pulmonary TB?

6 months regimen with RIPE and RIP (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of Rifampicin?

Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the predecessor of all subsequently developed quinolone antibiotics?

Nalidixic acid (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of Lindane?

Treatment of scabies and pediculosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Tuberculosis (TB)

Cause: Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria
Spread: Through air from one person to another
Not everyone infected becomes sick; two conditions exist: latent TB infection (LTBI) and TB disease
TB bacteria can attack any part of the body, such as the lungs, kidney, spine, and brain
If not treated, TB disease can be fatal

Diagnosis

Chest X-ray
AFB Screening
Tubercular Skin Test
- >15mm: low risk
- >10mm: high risk
- >5mm: immunocompromised

Treatment

Combination therapy: To broaden spectrum, reduce toxicity, and prevent resistance
Directly Observed Therapy (DOTS)
- Trained designated person watches patient swallow each dose of anti-TB drugs and documents it
- Helps ensure patients adhere to therapy

Anti-Tubercular Agents

Classified as:
- Bactericidal
- Bacteriostatic
Examples:
- Rifampicin
- Isoniazid
- Ethambutol
- Pyrazinamide
- Streptomycin

Antifungal Agents

Classification:
- Polyenes
- Griseofulvin
- Allylamines
- Azoles
- Echinocandins
- Flucytosine
Examples:
- Amphotericin B
- Nystatin
- Clotrimazole
- Ketoconazole
- Fluconazole
- Terbinafine
- Naftifine
- Itraconazole
- Capsofungin
- Micafungin

Scabicides and Pediculicides

Scabivides: compounds used to control mites (Sarcoptes scabiei)
Pediculicides: used to eliminate head, body, crab lice, and fleas
Examples:
- Benzoyl benzoate
- Lindane
- Crotamiton
- Permethrin

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