Questions and Answers
What is the mechanism of action of Nystatin as an antifungal agent?
Which of the following fungal infections is NOT commonly caused by Candida Albicans?
What is the recommended method of application for Nystatin for effective treatment?
What type of infections do Imidazoles, such as Clotrimazole, primarily target?
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What dosage range is recommended for Ketoconazole when treating mucocutaneous candidiasis?
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For Clotrimazole, what is a notable concern when using its lozenge form in patients with Xerostomia?
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Which antifungal agent is recommended for patients who have not responded to other treatments for candidiasis?
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Which of the following is a common side effect associated with Ketoconazole when taken orally?
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What is the primary role of protease inhibitors in viral replication?
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Which of the following is commonly associated with the side effects of injectable antiviral agents?
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What is the purpose of using Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)?
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What is PEP and when should it be initiated after exposure to HIV?
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Which of the following enzymes is integral to the replication of the HSV virus?
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What type of hepatitis is characterized by inflammation of the liver lasting more than six months?
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Which treatment is known to generally suppress hepatitis virus effectively?
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What are common adverse reactions associated with Nevirapine (NVP)?
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What is the primary action of Acyclovir in treating herpes simplex virus (HSV)?
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Which of the following side effects is commonly associated with Acyclovir?
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Which statement about the transmission of HSV viruses is accurate?
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Which antiviral medication is available without a prescription for HSV 1 lesions?
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What is the absorption range for Acyclovir when taken orally?
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Which class of medications is NOT typically used in the treatment of AIDS?
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What is a notable characteristic of famciclovir in relation to acyclovir?
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What effect does Acyclovir have on host cells when treating viral infections?
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Study Notes
Fungal Infections
- Fungal infections are notoriously challenging to treat due to similarities with human cells.
- Common oral fungi include Candida Albicans and Tinia infections.
- Individuals with underlying health conditions are more susceptible to fungal overgrowth.
Types of Fungal Infections
- Mucocutaneous: Localized effects on body surfaces.
- Systemic: Internal organ effects caused by fungi in the bloodstream.
Antifungal Agent: Nystatin
- Produced by Streptomyces Noursei, nystatin is a prescription antifungal.
- Exhibits both fungicidal and fungistatic properties.
- Mechanism: Binds to sterols in the cell membrane, increasing permeability and causing loss of cell contents.
- Poorly absorbed orally; topical application is more effective.
- Commonly used for oral candidiasis as a mouthwash solution.
- Creams administered for 10-14 days or 48 hours post-symptom resolution.
- Brand names include Myostatin and Nilstat.
Imidazoles
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Clotrimazole: Available as a sugar-containing lozenge (Troches) recommended for patients with xerostomia, used 5 times daily for 10-14 days.
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Troches contain gelatin, suitable for dietary restrictions.
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Effective for skin infections; available in cream and topical forms.
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Mechanism: Binds with phospholipids in the cell membrane, enhancing permeability and causing loss of cell contents.
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Miconazole: Another important imidazole antifungal.
Ketoconazole
- Effective against Candida and used when other treatments fail.
- Treats mucocutaneous and oropharyngeal candidiasis (oral thrush).
- Available as an oral tablet, may cause nausea and gastrointestinal effects.
- Also offered in cream form.
- Brand name Nizoral treats athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm, and anti-dandruff.
- Dosage: 200-400 mg orally daily for 2 weeks to up to 12 months.
Other Imidazoles
- Diflucan (Fluconazole) is taken orally as a tablet for serious candidiasis infections and other conditions like vaginal and urinary tract infections.
General Information on Viral Infections
- Viruses replicate only in the presence of a host.
- Antiviral medications inhibit viral DNA synthesis and replication.
- Eliminating viruses can harm host cells; viruses remain inactive or latent rather than completely removed.
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
- HSV1 causes cold sores and can appear in nail beds and fingers, termed herpetic whitlow.
- HSV2 predominantly affects the genital area but both types can be transmitted from either site.
- Highly contagious; avoid treating clients with active oral lesions.
Treatment Options for HSV
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Acyclovir
- Inhibits DNA synthesis, absorbed by infected cells.
- Available orally (10-30% absorption) or topically; side effects include burning, mild pain, itching, and rash.
- Does not prevent reinfection or viral contagion.
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Docosanol (Abreva)
- Specifically targets HSV1 lesions.
- Speeds up recovery from oral HSV lesions; available over the counter.
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Famciclovir / Valacyclovir
- Prescription medication for strains resistant to acyclovir.
- Effective against acute infections like Varicella Zoster.
HIV/AIDS and HSV
- HIV leads to progressive damage to host cells; impacted individuals require multiple antiviral treatments.
- Opportunistic infections are common in AIDS patients.
Transmission of HSV and AIDS
- HSV1 and HSV2 can be transmitted through sexual intercourse, body fluids, and childbirth.
- Mother-to-child transmission occurs only during pregnancy.
Antiviral Treatments for AIDS
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NRTIs (Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors)
- Bind to the reverse transcriptase enzyme, preventing viral replication.
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Protease Inhibitors
- Block protease activity, hindering virus replication.
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Fusion/Entry Inhibitors
- Prevent virus entry into human cells.
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Integrase Inhibitors
- Prevent integration of viral genome into host cells, stopping replication.
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Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) often involves a combination of three drugs.
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
- Following potential HIV exposure, treatment should commence within 72 hours for 28 days with Truvada plus Raltegravir.
Chronic Hepatitis
- Most common types are Hepatitis B and C, accounting for about two-thirds of all hepatitis cases.
- Chronic hepatitis is defined as lasting longer than six months.
Hepatitis Treatment Options
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Nucleoside Analogs
- Suppress hepatitis virus with generally good tolerance and treatment lasting up to five years.
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Interferons
- Injectable endogenous proteins used to treat hepatitis.
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Protease Inhibitors
- Effective in increasing virologic response specifically for Hepatitis C.
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Description
Explore the complexities of treating fungal infections in Chapter 8. This quiz covers the challenges posed by fungi, common types such as Candida Albicans and Tinia, and the impact of underlying health conditions on susceptibility. Test your understanding of mucocutaneous and systemic fungal infections.
