23 Questions
Match the following factors affecting absorption with their descriptions:
Route of exposure = Determines how the toxicant enters the body Concentration of the substance at the site of contact = Affects the rate of absorption Chemical and physical properties of the substance = Influences how easily the substance is absorbed External dose vs. internal dose = Fraction absorbed for skin, oral, and respiratory exposure
Match the following routes of exposure with their primary functions:
Gastrointestinal tract = Important for environmental exposure to contaminants from food and water Respiratory system = Route for inhaled toxicants to enter the body Injection or implantation = Directly introduces substances into the body Skin contact = Allows for absorption of substances through the skin
Match the following toxicant phases with their corresponding processes:
Exposure phase = Toxicants enter the body by absorption Absorption phase = Toxicants cross cellular barriers to exert effects on internal organs Local toxicity phase = May occur before a substance is fully absorbed Variability phase = Absorption varies based on chemical properties and exposure route
Match the following with the correct description:
Respiratory tract = Important for environmental and occupational exposure to air contaminants Skin = Important environmental and occupational exposure route Cell Membranes = Surround all body cells and consist of a phospholipid bilayer Passive transfer = Most common way that xenobiotics cross cell membranes
Match the following specialized transport mechanisms with their descriptions:
Facilitated diffusion = Assisting in the movement of substances across cell membranes without cellular energy Active transport = Requiring cellular energy to move substances across cell membranes Endocytosis = Involving engulfing of substances by the cell membrane Passive Transfer = Simple diffusion or osmotic filtration without cellular energy requirements
Match the following factors affecting passive transfer with their descriptions:
Lipid solubility = Determines how readily a substance can diffuse through the phospholipid membrane Molecular size = Affects whether a substance can pass through small pores in the membrane or the lipophilic interior Degree of ionization = Influences a chemical substance's ability to move through a membrane Aqueous pores = Allow small water-soluble molecules to pass through cell membranes
Match the following routes of exposure with their examples:
Nasal or oral aerosol inhalers = Respiratory tract exposure route Consumer and pharmaceutical products applied directly to the skin = Skin exposure route Styling web pages = CSS usage Database queries = SQL usage
Match the following definitions with the correct term:
Hydrophilic = Phosphate head of a phospholipid molecule attracted to water Lipophilic = Lipid tail of a phospholipid molecule attracted to lipid-soluble substances Polar = Having an uneven distribution of charge, attracting water Facilitated transport = Specialized mechanisms aiding substances in crossing cell membranes
Match the following transport mechanism with its description:
Facilitated Diffusion = Carrier-mediated transport mechanism that does not require energy Active Transport = Movement against the concentration gradient requiring cellular energy Endocytosis = Process where the cell engulfs substances with a section of its wall Distribution = Absorbed toxicants entering the blood supply for transport
Match the following types of endocytosis with their descriptions:
Phagocytosis = Engulfing of large particles suspended in extracellular fluid Pinocytosis = Engulfing of liquids or very small particles in suspension Facilitated Diffusion = Carrier-mediated transport mechanism that does not require energy Active Transport = Movement against the concentration gradient requiring cellular energy
Match the following substances with their transport destination in the body:
Xenobiotics = Transported into the liver, kidney, and central nervous system Sugar and amino acids = Transported into RBCs and the CNS Sodium and potassium = Moved against concentration gradient with the help of ATP pump Toxicants absorbed through skin = Enter peripheral blood supply for distribution to distant tissues
Match the following types of cells with their involvement in endocytosis:
Lung phagocytes = Important for phagocytosis process Liver and spleen cells = May engulf large particles suspended in extracellular fluid White blood cells (lymphocytes) = Involved in circulating lymph within the lymphatic system Red blood cells (RBCs) = Transport sugar and amino acids into them
Match the following systems with their role in toxicant distribution:
Lymphatic system = Drains excess fluid from tissues and transports toxicants to other regions of the body Pulmonary circulation = Transports oxygenated blood and toxicants from lungs to heart Systemic circulatory pathway = Distributes toxicants to tissues throughout the body Skin absorption route = Allows toxicants to enter peripheral blood supply for distribution
Match the following factors affecting distribution of toxicants to tissues with their descriptions:
Physical and chemical properties of the toxicant = Determines likelihood of distribution to tissues Concentration of the toxicant in the blood and in the tissues = Creates concentration gradient for distribution Volume of blood flowing through a specific tissue = Affects rate of distribution to organs or tissues Presence of special 'barriers' to slow down toxicant entrance = Delays toxicant entrance into tissues
Match the following compartments in the body with their descriptions:
Intracellular water = One of the main compartments where water is partitioned Extracellular water (interstitial water and plasma water) = Another main compartment where water is partitioned Plasma compartment = Compartment where a chemical with high plasma concentration distributes only Both compartments (intracellular and extracellular) = Compartment where a chemical with low plasma concentration distributes throughout
Match the following processes affecting toxicokinetics with their descriptions:
Storage = May lower the concentration of the toxicant Biotransformation = One of the processes that affects toxicokinetics Elimination = Another process that affects toxicokinetics Diffusion out of the capillary bed into cells = Determines rate of distribution to organs or tissues
Match the following storage depots for toxicants in our body with their descriptions:
Plasma protein = Major protein in plasma that binds many different compounds Liver and kidney = Organs serving as storage depots for toxicants Adipose tissue = Another storage depot for toxicants in the body Bone = Part of the body that serves as a storage depot for some toxicants
Match the following interactions between plasma proteins and toxicants with their characteristics:
Protein-ligand interactions = Primarily occur due to hydrophobic forces, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces Reversibility of interactions = Property of interactions between plasma proteins and toxicants Plasma proteins crossing capillary walls = Cannot occur due to high molecular weight of proteins and bound toxicants Degree of plasma protein binding and toxicity = Compound with high binding may show less toxicity than less extensively bound ones
Match the storage depot with its associated toxicant concentration:
Fat = Lowers the concentration of the toxicant in the target organ Bone = Dynamic deposition and reversible storage of toxicants Muscle = Highly lipophilic toxicants are distributed and concentrated Liver = Concentrates a multitude of chemicals
Match the organ with its role in binding chemicals:
Liver = High capacity for binding a multitude of chemicals Kidney = High capacity for binding a multitude of chemicals Brain = Restricts access to toxicants through tight capillary endothelial cells Skin = Does not play a significant role in chemical binding
Match the barrier with its function in limiting toxicant diffusion:
Blood-Brain Barrier = Prevents diffusion of polar compounds through paracellular pathways Placental Barrier = Slows down the diffusion of toxicants from maternal to fetal circulation Skin Barrier = Serves to limit the diffusion of water-soluble toxicants Lung Barrier = Allows easy diffusion of toxicants into the bloodstream
Match the body fluid with its impact on movement of water-insoluble compounds:
CNS Interstitial Fluid = Limits movement of water-insoluble compounds by paracellular transport Blood Plasma = Facilitates diffusion of water-insoluble compounds into tissues Lymphatic Fluid = Contains high protein concentration for paracellular transport Urine = Excretes water-soluble toxicants efficiently
Match the barrier with its role in protecting developing tissues from toxicants:
Blood-Brain Barrier = Restricts entry of toxicants into the central nervous system Placental Barrier = Reduces exposure of fetal tissues to maternal toxicants Skin Barrier = Allows easy penetration of chemical substances Intestinal Barrier = Absorbs and distributes toxicants throughout the body
Test your knowledge on the phases of toxic phenomenon exposure and the absorption of toxicants in the body. Explore how toxicants enter the body, cross cellular barriers, and exert effects on internal organs.
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