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Questions and Answers
What is the branch of biology that focuses on the microscopic structure of tissues and organs along with their functions?
What is the branch of biology that focuses on the microscopic structure of tissues and organs along with their functions?
Which type of cells are found inside cartilage?
Which type of cells are found inside cartilage?
What is considered the 'gold standard' of clinical practice in terms of diagnosis?
What is considered the 'gold standard' of clinical practice in terms of diagnosis?
Which type of microscope is known for the limitation of having a lack of contrast between the specimen and surrounding medium?
Which type of microscope is known for the limitation of having a lack of contrast between the specimen and surrounding medium?
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What is the branch of study that specifically focuses on the abnormal cells in tissues?
What is the branch of study that specifically focuses on the abnormal cells in tissues?
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What type of light does a Tungsten-Halogen Bulb emit in a Darkfield Microscope?
What type of light does a Tungsten-Halogen Bulb emit in a Darkfield Microscope?
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What type of microscope is used most frequently to visualize specimens that are chemically tagged with a fluorescent dye?
What type of microscope is used most frequently to visualize specimens that are chemically tagged with a fluorescent dye?
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How does the phase-contrast microscope make cellular components visible?
How does the phase-contrast microscope make cellular components visible?
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Which type of microscope allows for the observation of unstained microorganisms?
Which type of microscope allows for the observation of unstained microorganisms?
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What is the source of illumination in a fluorescent microscope?
What is the source of illumination in a fluorescent microscope?
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In which type of microscope is focusing carried out by electromagnets instead of a set of optics?
In which type of microscope is focusing carried out by electromagnets instead of a set of optics?
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What differentiates the electron microscope from other types of microscopes in terms of its illumination source?
What differentiates the electron microscope from other types of microscopes in terms of its illumination source?
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Study Notes
Levels of Organization
- Atoms → Molecules → Cells → Tissue → Organs → Organ System → Organism
Histology
- Study of microscopic structure of tissues and organs with their function
- Derived from Greek words "histos" (tissue) and "logia" (knowledge)
- Branch of biology and anatomy that deals with structural organization of tissue
- Histologist: studies normal tissues
- Histopathologist: studies abnormal cells
- Related fields: Cytology (study of cells), Organology (study of organs and systems)
Microscopes
- Brightfield Microscope
- Uses two lens systems for magnification
- Specimen is illuminated by a beam of tungsten light (3200K warm light)
- Limitation: absence of contrast between specimen and surrounding medium
- Darkfield Microscope
- Modified condenser system directs light obliquely, making specimen appear bright against dark background
- Useful for observing living specimens
- Phase-Contrast Microscope
- Allows observation of unstained microorganisms
- Special objectives and condenser make visible cellular components with different refractive indices
- Fluorescent Microscope
- Uses UV light (0-400 nm) to excite fluorescent dyes
- Detects antigen-antibody reactions
- Fluorescent dyes absorb wavelengths between 230-350 nm and emit orange, yellow, or greenish light
- Electron Microscope
- Provides high-resolution images (up to 1 million magnification)
- Uses beam of electrons instead of light
- Focusing is carried out by electromagnets
- Requires thinly prepared, fixed, and dehydrated specimens
- Types: Transmission EM and Scanning EM
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Description
Learn about the phase-contrast microscope, which allows observation of unstained microorganisms by making cellular components visible based on their refractive index. The fluorescence microscope is also discussed, where specimens appear dark against a light background for observing fluorescently labeled samples.
