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Questions and Answers
What is the first step in preparing a suspension according to the general method procedure?
What is the first step in preparing a suspension according to the general method procedure?
Which of the following is NOT listed as an example of a suspending agent?
Which of the following is NOT listed as an example of a suspending agent?
What should be done with the third part of the vehicle during suspension preparation?
What should be done with the third part of the vehicle during suspension preparation?
After preparing the suspension, which statement must be included on the label?
After preparing the suspension, which statement must be included on the label?
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How should the volume of the suspension be completed in the preparation process?
How should the volume of the suspension be completed in the preparation process?
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What role does the wetting agent play in the preparation of suspensions?
What role does the wetting agent play in the preparation of suspensions?
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In the general method of preparing suspensions, why is the vehicle divided into three parts?
In the general method of preparing suspensions, why is the vehicle divided into three parts?
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During the suspension preparation, what should be done after forming the slurry?
During the suspension preparation, what should be done after forming the slurry?
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What is the final step after transferring the resultant suspension to the amber bottle?
What is the final step after transferring the resultant suspension to the amber bottle?
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Which of the following correctly describes the use of finely powdered aspirin in suspension preparation?
Which of the following correctly describes the use of finely powdered aspirin in suspension preparation?
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What is the main purpose of using tragacanth in the preparation of suspensions?
What is the main purpose of using tragacanth in the preparation of suspensions?
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What is the implication of adding small volumes of P.W. while forming the paste with tragacanth?
What is the implication of adding small volumes of P.W. while forming the paste with tragacanth?
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What is the primary reason for using a graduated cylinder during suspension preparation?
What is the primary reason for using a graduated cylinder during suspension preparation?
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Study Notes
Pharmaceutical Technology: Spirits & Elixirs
- Spirits are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances. The alcohol concentration is usually over 60%.
- Sometimes, spirits are called essences.
- Spirits are used pharmaceutically as flavoring agents.
- Spirits are used medicinally for the therapeutic value of the aromatic solute.
- They can be taken orally (mixed with water to reduce pungency), applied topically, or inhaled.
- Examples of officially recognized spirits (in USP-NF):
- Aromatic ammonia spirit (oral carminative/antacid, inhalation for fainting)
- Camphor spirit (topical relief for minor pains/aches)
- Compound orange spirit (oral flavoring agent)
- Peppermint spirit (oral carminative/flavoring agent)
Compound Orange Spirit
- Ingredients and quantities:
- Oil of orange: 20ml
- Oil of lemon: 50ml
- Oil of coriander: 20ml
- Oil of anise: 5ml
- Alcohol: q.s. 1000ml
Compound Orange Spirit: Procedure
- Combine the specified oils.
- Add alcohol to reach a total volume of 1000ml.
- Transfer to a clean, dry container and label.
Compound Orange Spirit: Uses
- Oil of orange: flavoring agent
- Oil of lemon: flavoring agent
- Oil of coriander: flavoring agent
- Oil of anise: flavoring, carminative, mild expectorant agent
- Alcohol: solvent and preservative
Elixirs
- Elixirs are clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use.
- They're usually flavored for palatability.
- The main ingredients are ethanol and water.
- Other ingredients may include glycerin, propylene glycol (adjunct solvents).
- Sweetening agents include sucrose, saccharine, and sorbitol.
- Flavoring and coloring agents enhance palatability and appearance.
Elixirs: Medical Classification
- Non-medicated elixirs
- Medicated elixirs
- Alcoholic content typically ranges between 4-40%.
- Alcoholic concentration is enough to maintain the volatile oil or medicinal substance in solution.
- Elixirs with 10-12% alcohol are often self-preserving and do not require additional preservatives/antimicrobials.
Elixir Preparation
- Elixirs are usually prepared by mixing liquid ingredients with agitation.
- Components that dissolve in alcohol are mixed with alcohol, and components that dissolve in water are mixed with water.
- The aqueous solution is added to the alcoholic solution to maintain the correct alcohol content.
Elixir: Issues and Solutions
- Variations such as flavorsing oil separation may appear due to reduced alcoholic concentrations.
- This separation can be prevented byallowing the mixture to settle to permit coalescing for easier filtering.
- Talc is often used as a filtering aid to absorb excessive oil, improving clarity.
Phenobarbital Elixir
- Ingredients and quantities:
- Phenobarbital: 4g
- Tincture of orange peel: 30ml
- Amaranth solution: 10ml
- Alcohol: 125ml
- Glycerin: 150ml
- Syrup: 250ml
- D.W: 1000ml
- Directions: One tablespoonful at night.
Aromatic Elixir USP
- Ingredients and quantities:
- Compound spirit of orange: 12ml
- Syrup: 375ml
- Talc powder: 30g
- Alcohol 70%: q.s. 1000ml
- D.W.: q.s. 1000ml
- Mitt: 10ml
- Note: Available alcohol is 90%
Aromatic Elixir USP: Calculations
- Calculation to obtain the desired amount of constituents from a known overall volume.
Aromatic Elixir USP: Procedure
- Detailed instructions to prepare the elixir.
Aromatic Elixir USP: Uses
- The usage of this type of elixir.
R/Propranolol Suspension
- Propranolol:40mg
- D.W:4.8ml
- Citric acid solution 25%:0.16ml
- Simple syrup:40ml
R/Propranolol Suspension: Procedure
- Specific steps for preparing the suspension.
R/Propranolol Suspension: Uses
- Propranolol: for various medical conditions (dysrhythmias, tachycardia)
- D.W.: Wetting agent
- Citric Acid Solution: pH adjustment, flavoring
- Simple Syrup: Vehicle, sweetening agent
R/Aspirin Suspension
- Aspirin: 500mg
- Raspberry syrup: 1ml
- Compound tragacanth powder: 2%
- Benzoic acid: 0.2ml
- PW: q.s to 10ml
- Mitt: 20ml
R/Aspirin Suspension: Procedure
- Procedures for preparation.
R/Aspirin Suspension: Uses
- Aspirin: Antiplatelet, analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agent.
- Raspberry syrup: flavoring agent
- Compound tragacanth powder: suspending agent
- Benzoic acid: preservative
- PW: vehicle
Suspensions
- Course dispersions of undissolved or immiscible materials in a liquid vehicle.
- These can also be in dry powder form; reconstituted at the time of dispensing.
- Effective for hydrophobic drugs
- Masks unpleasant tastes
- Easy swallowing for patients
Advantages of Suspensions
- Effective administration of certain drugs that aren't well absorbed in other forms
- Masking of unpleasant tastes or odors
- Easy swallowing for some patient groups (children, elderly)
Suspension Properties
- Heterogeneous mixtures
- Scatter light
- Particles can be separated by filtration
- Not stable (particles settle)
- Uneven distribution of particles; needs shaking before use
- Require flocculating agents (e.g. electrolytes, salts) or surfactants to reduce surface tension between solid and liquid.
Suspension Classification
- Based on administration route (oral, external, parenteral, etc.)
- Based on solid concentration (diluted, concentrated)
- Based on the electrokinetic nature of the solid (flocculated, deflocculated).
Suspensions: Ingredients
- Dispersed phase: material distributed in the vehicle
- Vehicle (dispersion medium): liquid holding dispersed particles
- Excipients:
- Sweetening agents
- Ph adjusters
- Colorants
- Flocculating agents
- Surfactants
Suspensions: General Procedure
- Grinding of solid materials
- Subtracting liquid ingredients from the vehicle
- Dividing vehicle into parts (first part for spreading agents)
- Adding the parts and dissolving necessary ingredients
- Rinsing mortar and pestle to ensure uniformity
- Combining and final volume addition
Suspensions: Procedure Flow Chart
- A visual representation of the steps involved in preparing suspensions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the preparation of suspensions in pharmacy, including the steps involved and the use of suspending agents. This quiz will cover essential procedures and labeling requirements necessary for pharmacists. Ideal for pharmacy students and practitioners who want to enhance their understanding of suspension formulations.
