Suspensions: Definition and Types

<p>Certain patients may find it easier to swallow liquids than solids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The potential for an unpleasant taste of certain drugs in solution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parenteral suspensions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transdermal suspension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It should remain constant through long periods of undisturbed standing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stability of the antibiotic substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intravenous solutions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Purified water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suspending agent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevent degradation of the drug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sucrose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amoxicillin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent clumping and enhance penetrability of the powder by the dispersion medium. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preservatives can cause acute or long-term adverse effects in neonates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rate of descent is potentially reduced for particles with a higher density. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid energy grinding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formulations should be kept simple and short-lived for neonates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their formation of weak particle-to-particle bonds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphate depletion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes the formation of a rigid cake upon settling. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stability issues require monitoring for color and consistency changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure uniformity of the final product. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 to 50 um (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Syrup. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium carbonate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wide-mouth containers with adequate airspace. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By linking particles together to reduce sedimentation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Magnesium preparations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The factors affecting the rate of settling of uniform particles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces the rate of sedimentation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoiding any type of preservatives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They break apart easily upon agitation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mixture is blended thoroughly before adding more vehicle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calibrated droppers designed for accurate dosing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It must not interfere with the active drug's availability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suitable preservatives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diluted bentonite magma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may render the suspension too viscous to agitate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different active ingredients have varying effects on gastric acid neutralization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They resist complete settling and distribute easily when agitated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A liquid medicine where finely divided drug particles (suspensoid) are dispersed in a liquid vehicle, with limited solubility.

A liquid medicine prepared by mixing a powder containing drug and suspending/dispersing agents with a specific quantity of vehicle (usually purified water).

A liquid form is preferred to solid dosage forms for drugs, as it allows for easier swallowing and flexible dosing.

Suspensions can improve taste, as the drug is administered as undissolved particles, hiding its original flavor.

Suspensions maintain drug stability. Some drugs degrade in solution but remain stable as suspended particles.

The particles in a suspension should settle slowly and re-disperse easily upon shaking.

The size of the suspended particles should remain consistent over time.

The suspension should flow smoothly and evenly out of its container.

The rate at which particles in a suspension settle to the bottom of the container.

An equation that describes the rate of settling of particles in a suspension, considering factors like particle size, density, and the medium's viscosity.

The diameter of the particles in a suspension affects the settling rate: larger particles settle faster.

The density difference between the particles and the dispersion medium affects settling: denser particles settle faster.

Increasing the viscosity of the dispersion medium (like adding a thickener) slows down the settling rate.

The size of the particles in a suspension is crucial for its stability and effectiveness, ideally ranging from 1 to 50 micrometers.

A process of reducing the particle size of a powder by grinding it, often used to prepare suspensions.

A method of grinding powders to a very fine size, often used for parenteral or ophthalmic suspensions.

A technique where a solution is sprayed into a drying chamber, resulting in a fine powder, often used for suspensions.

A loose aggregation of fine particles in a suspension, which prevents them from forming a solid cake at the bottom.

Substances that promote the formation of flocs in a suspension, helping to stabilize it and prevent caking.

Bentonite magma (a clay) is commonly used as a flocculating agent in oral suspensions, creating a structure that helps maintain the flocs.

Electrolytes, substances with charged particles, can also act as flocculating agents by reducing the repulsion between particles and allowing them to form flocs.

Substances added to the dispersion medium of a suspension to increase its viscosity and help suspend the particles.

Some suspending agents can bind to certain drugs, potentially affecting their activity, so careful selection is important.

Antibiotic oral suspensions are liquids containing finely divided antibiotic particles in a liquid vehicle. They are formulated to make it easier to swallow and adjust dosage.

Many antibiotics are unstable in solution, so using dry powder mixtures makes them more stable. These powders are easily dissolved in water before taking.

These dry mixes contain the antibiotic, coloring agents, flavoring, sweeteners, stabilizers, suspending agents, and preservatives.

The pharmacist has to reconstitute the dry powder by adding the correct amount of purified water, shaking well to ensure the drug is evenly distributed.

Amoxicillin for Oral Suspension, USP and Ampicillin for Oral Suspension, USP are examples of official antibiotic dry powder mixtures for reconstitution.

Some antibiotics are combined with other drugs, like Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (Augmentin), to enhance their effectiveness.

Cholestyramine is an example of a non-antibiotic drug prepared as a dry powder for oral suspension, used to manage high cholesterol.

Barium sulfate is a radiopaque contrast medium used in gastrointestinal studies, available as a dry powder for oral or rectal suspension.

The pharmacist must consider the properties of both the solid drug (suspensoid) and the liquid vehicle (dispersion medium) to make a stable suspension.

Some drugs easily mix with the liquid vehicle, but others clump together or float on top. Wetting agents help force the drug particles apart and into the liquid.

The suspension is carefully mixed by adding the liquid vehicle in small portions to the solid drug, ensuring thorough blending before adding more.

Suspensions often include preservatives like methylparaben to prevent bacterial and mold growth, helping the medicine stay safe for longer.

Some medicines aren't available in liquid form, so the pharmacist may need to create a suspension by crushing tablets or emptying capsules into a liquid.

It's crucial to consider the patient's age and health when compounding a suspension. For example, babies may not tolerate preservatives, alcohol, or strong flavors.

Alcohol can be harmful to babies, affecting their liver and nervous system. It should be avoided in their medicine unless absolutely necessary.

Preservatives like benzyl alcohol and propylene glycol can be problematic for preterm infants, so they should be avoided in their medicine.

Neonatal suspensions should be simple, without extra ingredients to ensure safety. They should also be prepared for a few days' supply only, to avoid stability issues.

To increase stability, extemporaneous suspensions should be stored in airtight containers, protected from light, and kept in the refrigerator.

Suspensions should be packaged in wide-mouthed containers to allow for proper shaking and easy pouring.

Suspensions need to be shaken well before each use to ensure the solid particles are evenly distributed for accurate dosing.

Antacids are used to neutralize excess stomach acid, helping to treat conditions like heartburn, indigestion, and peptic ulcers.

Most antacids are made from water-insoluble materials, while a few use soluble compounds like sodium bicarbonate.

Different antacids have varying abilities to neutralize stomach acid. Pharmacists need to consider the individual patient's needs and potential side effects.