Pharmacy Orientation (PT 101)
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Questions and Answers

Who compiled medical knowledge around AD 160, drawing on documents by Hippocrates and Dioscorides?

  • Ibn Sina
  • Muhamed ibn Zakarya el Razi
  • Galen (correct)
  • Al Biruni

What was the role of apothecaries in the ninth century in Baghdad?

  • Preparing complex formulations (correct)
  • Writing medical texts
  • Inspecting medical practices
  • Conducting medical surgeries

Which Arabic physician is known for promoting the medical uses of chemical compounds?

  • Ibn Sina
  • Muhamed ibn Zakarya el Razi (correct)
  • Al Biruni
  • Abu al Qasim al Zahrawi

What title did Al Biruni give to his noteworthy Islamic pharmacology work?

<p>Kitab al-Saydalah (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following physicians was the first to initiate pharmacopoeia?

<p>Sabur Ibn Sahl (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable contributions did Ibn Sina make in his work, The Canon of Medicine?

<p>Detailed knowledge of over 700 drug preparations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of drug preparation was pioneered by Abu al Qasim al Zahrawi?

<p>Sublimation and Distillation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant distinction did Al-Muwaffaq make regarding certain chemical compounds?

<p>Distinction between sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which era of pharmacy development focuses on patient care?

<p>Patient Care Era (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What skill is NOT included in the Intended Learning Outcomes of the course?

<p>Calculate suitable doses for adults (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which civilization is noted for the early use of cuneiform writing in the documentation of drugs?

<p>Sumerians (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main areas where students will learn to practice pharmacy?

<p>Communicate with physicians and patients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about drug classification is correct?

<p>Drugs can be classified by sources and names. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the overall assessment is allocated to the final exam?

<p>80 % (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which description best fits the Empiric Era of pharmacy development?

<p>Marked by the industrialization of drug manufacturing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of historical pharmacy practice involves the actual procedures of dispensing medication?

<p>Stating dispensing procedures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which era was characterized by the separation of pharmacy from medicine and the formation of guilds for pharmacists?

<p>Renaissance Era (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred during the Empiric Era that contributed to the advancement of pharmacy?

<p>The creation of pharmacopeias to ensure public health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of the Industrialization Era in pharmacy?

<p>The use of gene therapy to treat diseases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Patient Care Era in pharmacy?

<p>Focusing on the therapeutic needs of patients. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the Biotechnology Era?

<p>The use of recombinant DNA technology for genetic modification. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement BEST describes the primary focus of the Empiric Era?

<p>Understanding the effects of drugs on the body through experimentation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major characteristic of the Patient Care Era in regards to Pharmacy?

<p>Increased focus on understanding and managing drug interactions and adverse reactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the father of medicine?

<p>Hippocrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ancient text described the use of drugs in China?

<p>Huangdi Neijing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the document that lists prescriptions and modes of administration of medicines?

<p>The Ebers Papyrus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options are true about the Egyptian practices of medicines? (Select all that apply)

<p>The Ebers Papyrus contains information about medicines with references to Sumerian documents. (A), The use of medicines was carried out by priests and physicians. (B), Medicines were administered through different methods including gargles, inhalations, suppositories, ointments and lotions. (C), Imhotep, the first physician, was the High Priest of Heliopolis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of medicine did Paracelsus believe in?

<p>Chemical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the document prepared by Dioscorides?

<p>De Materia Medica (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the person considered to be "The Father of Botany"?

<p>Theophrastus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Ancient Era

The period from the beginning of time to 1600 AD, marked by the initial development of pharmacy practices and knowledge. This era witnessed the use of natural remedies from plants, animals, and minerals, laying the foundation for modern pharmacy.

Empiric Era

The period from 1600 to 1940, characterized by a more scientific approach to pharmacy. Emphasis shifted towards studying and understanding the properties of drugs and their effects on the human body.

Industrialization Era

The period from 1940 to 1970, marked by significant advancements in drug manufacturing and industrial production, leading to mass production of medications.

Patient Care Era

The period from 1970 to the present, with a focus on patient care and the role of pharmacists in disease prevention and management.

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Sumerians

The Sumerians were a civilization that made significant contributions to pharmacy. One of their key achievements was developing a system of cuneiform writing on clay tablets that documented lists of drugs, their origins (animal, vegetable, and mineral), and prescriptions outlining the ingredients used in compounding.

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Ebers Papyrus

An ancient Egyptian medical document dating back to 1550 BC, detailing drug prescriptions and administration methods, including gargles, inhalations, suppositories, and ointments.

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Ayurvedic medicine

A traditional Indian system of medicine that originated around 800 BC, employing drugs of animal, plant, and mineral origin, along with charms to expel demons.

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Dhanvantari

The god of medicine in ancient Indian mythology, often associated with Ayurvedic medicine.

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Charaka Samhita

A sacred text in Ayurvedic medicine, documenting drugs of various origins used until the first century AD.

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Chinese Traditional Medicine

A comprehensive theory of diagnosis and treatment developed in ancient China, utilizing drugs of animal and plant origin.

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Huangdi Neijing

A foundational text in Chinese pharmacy outlining basic principles of drug use.

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De Materia Medica

A document written around AD 60-78 by Dioscorides, detailing the medicinal properties and uses of plants.

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Hippocrates

A Greek physician often considered the father of medicine, associated with the Hippocratic Corpus, which lists various drugs and their preparation methods.

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Who was Galen?

A physician who compiled medical knowledge from Hippocrates and Dioscorides, creating formulations from various plants known as 'galenicals'.

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What role did Arabs play in pharmacy history?

The translation of medical texts into Arabic, leading to the development of formularies, herbals, and books on materia medica and toxicology. Galenic medicine continued, requiring skilled preparation by apothecaries.

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What was Muhamed ibn Zakarya el Razi known for?

A physician known for promoting the medical uses of chemical compounds. His work focused on understanding the properties and applications of different chemicals in medicine.

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Who was Abulcasis?

A prominent figure in the Arabic dominion in Spain, known for his detailed description of pharmaceutical processes and preparation of drugs in various dosage forms.

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What was Sabur Ibn Sahl's contribution to pharmacy?

The first physician to initiate a pharmacopoeia, detailing a wide variety of drugs and remedies for ailments. He emphasized the importance of documenting medicines and their applications.

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Who was Al Biruni?

A renowned scholar who wrote "Kitab al-Saydalah" (The Book of Drugs), providing detailed knowledge of drug properties and outlining the role of pharmacy and pharmacist duties.

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What was Ibn Sina known for?

A renowned physician who described over 700 preparations, their properties, actions, and indications. He dedicated a volume on simple drugs in "The Canon of Medicine."

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What did Al-Muwaffaq contribute to pharmacy?

He wrote "The Foundations of the True Properties of Remedies," describing substances like arsenious oxide and silicic acid. He distinguished between sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate and warned of copper and lead compounds.

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Renaissance Era

A period during the 14th to 16th centuries marked by a shift in focus from ancient ideas to new scientific discoveries. It witnessed the development of modern pharmaceutical methods and the separation of pharmacy from medicine.

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Guilds in Pharmacy

Pharmacists started establishing guilds, a sign of professionalization and organization. This marked a significant shift in the way pharmacy was practiced.

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The Empiric Era

This period (1600-1940) saw significant advancements in chemical identification and drug testing, laying the groundwork for a more scientific approach to pharmacy.

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The Industrialization Era

This era (1940-1970), due to demands from war-related injuries and illnesses, saw a mass production of medications using industrial machines. Research into drug effects also intensified.

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The Patient Care Era

Beginning in the 1970s, pharmacy expanded its focus beyond just dispensing medicines. It embraced patient-centered care, including disease management and prevention.

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The Biotechnology Era

This era, marked by recombinant DNA technology, focuses on genetic modification for potential cures and disease prevention.

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Gene therapy

This involves altering genes to treat or prevent diseases. It's a hopeful approach to tackle genetic-based conditions.

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Recombinant DNA technology

This technique involves combining different DNA segments to create new genetic material with desired properties. It's used for various applications, including drug development.

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Study Notes

Pharmacy Orientation (PT 101)

  • Offered by the Pharmaceutics department
  • First level, first semester course
  • One credit hour
  • Aims to introduce pharmacy as an art and a profession to new students
  • Enables students to understand and acquire necessary skills for continuing pharmacy education
  • Helps students identify areas for future job practice

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

  • Understand the history of pharmacy practices in different civilizations
  • Identify the mission of pharmacists and different work fields
  • Classify drugs according to their source and names
  • Understand general drug dispensing procedures
  • Identify different dosage forms and drug administration routes
  • Differentiate between different dosage forms and administration routes
  • Assess different types of prescriptions and how to manage them
  • Learn about ancient Arabic pharmacists and their achievements
  • Interpret various prescription types
  • Understand pharmacist responsibilities in various careers
  • Calculate appropriate drug doses for children
  • Distinguish different dosage forms and appropriate administration routes
  • Develop communication skills with physicians and patients

Student Assessment Methods

  • Midterm: 7-8th week, 20% (10 marks)
  • Final Exam: 14th week, 80% (40 marks)
  • Total: 100% (50 marks)

Lecture Rules

  • Be on time
  • Raise your hand to speak
  • Do not use mobile phones
  • No food or drinks
  • Always smile
  • Keep silence, use appropriate volume when speaking

Lecture 1: History of Pharmacy

  • Discusses the evolution of pharmacy

Eras of Development of Pharmacy Profession

  • Ancient Era: Beginning of time to 1600 AD
  • Empiric Era: 1600 to 1940
  • Industrialization Era: 1940 to 1970
  • Patient Care Era: 1970 to present
  • Biotechnology Era: Present and future

Ancient Era: Sumerians

  • Developed cuneiform writing on clay tablets
  • Included lists of animal, vegetable, and mineral drugs
  • Prescriptions detailed ingredients for compounding
  • Many drugs had multiple uses, treating different aspects of a condition
  • Priests and physicians practiced medicine

Ancient Era: Egyptians

  • Ebers Papyrus (1550 BC) described prescriptions and administration methods
  • Included gargles, inhalations, suppositories, and ointments
  • Imhotep, the High Priest of Heliopolis, was an early physician

Ancient Era: Indians

  • Ayurvedic medicine (800 BC) listed drug use along with charms for expelling demons
  • Charaka Samhita referenced animal, plant, and mineral drugs used until the first century AD

Ancient Era: China

  • Developed a comprehensive theory for diagnosis and treatment
  • Drug manuscripts on silk and bamboo described animal and plant-origin drugs
  • Huangdi Neijing outlined pharmaceutical practices in the third century BC
  • Shengnon Bencao Jing described Chinese pharmacy theory
  • Pen Ts'ao Kang Mu provided details on Chinese drugs from the 16th century

Ancient Era: Greeks and Romans

  • Greeks revered Asklepios as healing God
  • Rhizotomoi (experts in medicinal plants) practiced medicine
  • Hippocrates, considered the father of medicine, documented 200-400 vegetable drugs
  • Developed preparation methods for gargles, ointments, and pessaries
  • Focused on treating patients with little reference to magic or religion
  • Theophrastus (Father of Botany) studied plant side effects
  • Paracelsus advocated chemical treatments for diseases

Ancient Era: Greeks and Romans (Dioscorides)

  • Prepared the De Materia Medica (60-78 AD)
  • Described medicinal herbs and their side effects

Ancient Era: Greeks and Romans (Galen)

  • A physician (AD 160) compiled existing medical knowledge
  • Described formulations of numerous plants (galenicals)

Ancient Era: Arabs

  • Translated Galen's work and other medical texts into Arabic
  • Created formularies, herbals, and texts about materia medica and toxicology
  • Used complex formulations (galenic medicine)
  • Apothecaries, skilled in drug preparation, were inspected by the state

Ancient Era: Arabs (Muhammad Ibn Zakarya and Abu al Qasim al Zahrawi)

  • Promoted the use of chemical compounds
  • Detailed drug preparation methods in various dosage forms using sublimation and distillation

Ancient Era: Arabs (Sabur Ibn Sahl and Al-Biruni)

  • Sabur Ibn Sahl created a pharmacopoeia describing various drugs and remedies
  • Al-Biruni, who wrote Kitab al-Saydalah (The Book of Drugs), outlined pharmacy functions and pharmacist duties

Ancient Era: Arabs (Ibn Sina)

  • Described 700+ drug preparations, properties, and uses (The Canon of Medicine)
  • Developed foundations for identifying drug properties by studying arsenious oxide and silicic acid
  • Studied copper and lead compounds, noting their poisonous nature
  • Wrote about the distillation of sea water

Ancient Era: Renaissance Era (1350-1650 AD)

  • Pharmacy separated from medicine
  • Pharmacy regulation established
  • University education for pharmacists required
  • Professional pharmacy guilds formed
  • Extensive pharmaceutical literature and new chemicals introduced

The Empiric Era (1600-1940)

  • Pharmacopeias protected public health, mandating use of herbs, roots, barks
  • Increased interest in drug effects on the body
  • First hospital pharmacist (Jonathan Roberts) worked in a hospital (by Benjamin Franklin)
  • Scientific advancements led to identifying new drugs (e.g., nitrogen, chlorine, zinc, oxygen, atropine, quinine, caffeine, morphine, codeine, penicillin, testosterone, phenobarbital, and niacin)

Industrialization Era

  • War-related injuries and illnesses increased drug demand
  • Mass production of medications using industrial machines
  • Increased scientific research into drug effects
  • Drug interactions and adverse reactions became more common

Patient Care Era

  • Increased complexities in drug interactions (allergic reactions and food interactions)
  • Therapeutic duties in pharmacies and hospitals increased

Biotechnology Era

  • Gene therapy for genetic defects
  • Recombinant DNA technology allowed for combining DNA sequences not normally occurring together for genetic modification

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Pharmacy Orientation (PT 101) PDF

Description

This quiz focuses on the introduction to pharmacy as both an art and a profession. It covers essential skills and knowledge required for pharmacy students, including the history of pharmacy practices, drug classification, and dosage forms. Perfect for first-semester students looking to build a foundation in pharmacy education.

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