Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following elements is NOT classified under Group V-A elements?
Which of the following elements is NOT classified under Group V-A elements?
What is the oxidation state that nitrogen can achieve due to its electron configuration?
What is the oxidation state that nitrogen can achieve due to its electron configuration?
Which characteristic is associated with nitrogen gas that makes it inert?
Which characteristic is associated with nitrogen gas that makes it inert?
Which of the following compounds is a hydride of an element in Group V-A?
Which of the following compounds is a hydride of an element in Group V-A?
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What is a primary use of nitrogen in agriculture?
What is a primary use of nitrogen in agriculture?
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Which type of firelighter is considered non-poisonous and commonly used in the preparation of matches?
Which type of firelighter is considered non-poisonous and commonly used in the preparation of matches?
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What is the most effective single system for buffering H2CO3 during metabolic processes?
What is the most effective single system for buffering H2CO3 during metabolic processes?
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Which of the following is a toxic compound that acts as a protoplasmic poison?
Which of the following is a toxic compound that acts as a protoplasmic poison?
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What is the antidote for arsenic poisoning?
What is the antidote for arsenic poisoning?
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What characteristic symptom is associated with arsenic exposure in fingernails?
What characteristic symptom is associated with arsenic exposure in fingernails?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course: Periodic Table of Elements and Pharmaceutical Inorganic Compounds (Groups VA and VB)
- University: Our Lady of Fatima University
- College: Pharmacy
- Course Code: PCQA111
- Week: 13
Unit Outcomes
- Students will demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the chemistry of metals, non-metals, and metalloids.
Unit Outline
- Elements
- Properties
- Identification Tests
- Compounds and Their Uses
Checklist
- Read available learning references before discussion.
- Research the meaning of relevant terminologies.
- Participate in the board discussion.
Group VI-A (The Chromium Subgroup)
- The chromium subgroup is highlighted in the periodic table.
Characteristics of Group VI-A Elements (Chalcogens)
- This section asks for the characteristics of elements in Group VI-A.
Properties of Group V Elements
- Group V-A elements exhibit an outer s2p3 electron configuration.
- Sharing of 3 or 5 outer electrons results in 3+ and 5+ oxidation states.
- Some elements, notably bismuth, can also exhibit a 3− oxidation state due to not having a tendency to accept electrons.
Group V Hydrides
- The elements in Group V form hydrides when combined with hydrogen.
- Specific examples of Group V hydrides are provided (PH3, AsH3, NH3, SbH3, and BiH3).
Group V Elements
- The elements in group VA are nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth.
Nitrogen
- Also known as "Azote" or "Mephitic Air."
- Found in the atmosphere.
- Essential component of plant and animal tissues.
- Used by plants for nitrogen fixation.
- Used in replacing air in containers for parenteral solutions.
- Triple bond accounts for its inertness.
Nitrogen Gas Uses
- Used to replace air in containers for parenteral solutions.
- Its inertness (due to the triple bond) is a key property.
- Example: Liquid nitrogen is used as a refrigerant.
Nitrogen Oxides (NO)
- Different forms of nitrogen oxide are provided as images on the slide
Phosphorus
- Also known as "St. Elmo's Fire" and is associated with light carriers (matches).
- Different forms exist:
- White/Yellow: poisonous
- Red: non-poisonous, used in matches
- Allotropic modifications (white, red, black) are differentiated by their structure, reactivity, and other physical properties.
Allotropic Modifications of Phosphorus
- White phosphorus: discrete tetrahedral P4 molecules; very reactive; glows in the dark; soluble in CS2 but insoluble in water.
- Red phosphorus: polymeric structure; less reactive than white phosphorus; does not glow in the dark; insoluble in water and CS2
- Black phosphorus: exists in two forms ($\alpha$ and $\beta$); very less reactive; has an opaque structure
Physiologic Buffer Components
- Includes HCO3, H2CO3 (plasma and kidneys)
- Also includes HPO42−, H3PO4 (cells and kidneys).
- Hgb and CHON (red blood cells (RBC)) also play a major role as a system for buffering H2CO3 during metabolic processes.
Arsenic (As)
- Known as a toxic, protoplasmic poison.
- Existing oxidation states of As are +3 and +5.
- Lewisite metal
- Used in treatments or as a component in
-Anti-syphilis compounds (Salvarsan, Arsphenamine, Compound 606).
- Antileukemia agents.
- Insecticides. Sources:
- Arsenopyrite (Iron Arsenic Sulfide (FeAsS))
- Cu Aceto Arsenate ("Paris Green")
- K Arsenite ("Fowler's Solution")
- Donovan solution; a red solution containing AsI3 or HgI2
Arsenic Trioxide
- Called "White Arsenic"
- Used as a tonic and anti-leukemic agent
- Component of "Paris Green," "Fowler's solution," and "Donovan's solution"
- A primary standard solution for CeSO4
Antimony
- Sources: Senarmontite (Antimony Trioxide), Valentinite (Antimony Oxide), Cervantite (Antimony Tetroxide), Antimony Glance (Stibnite).
- Pharmaceutical uses: expectorant, emetic, anthelmintic
- Antimony Potassium Tartrate: known as "Tartar Emetic;" component of brown mixture; used as an emetic, expectorant, treatment for Schistosomiasis
- Babbitt Metal: an alloy of antimony and tin (80% tin, 20% antimony)
Bismuth
- Known as "Beautiful Meadow"
- Pharmaceutical uses: astringent, antiseptic, internal protective
- Adverse effects: blue-black lining of gums, black stools.
- Antidote: BAL
- Bismuth Subcarbonate: antacid, antiseptic, astringent
- Bismuth Subgallate: active ingredient in Devrom® (over-the-counter medication); deodorizes flatulence and stool
- Bismuth Subnitrate: known as "White bismuth," incompatible with tragacanth (add NaHPO4 to remedy); used in ulcer and GIT inflammation treatment.
- Milk of Bismuth: "Bismuth Cream;" Bi(OH)3 + Bismuth Subcarbonate; for H. pylori; internal protective for gastric ulcer
Identification Tests
- Gutzeit Test: Presence Arsenic: generates light brown spot on filter paper with silver nitrate.
- NH4+ test: detects ammonia (NH3) when heated with strong alkali; changes red litmus to blue.
- CN− test: AgNO3 produces a white precipitate of AgCN that is insoluble in HNO3. Hg2(NO3)2 produces a black precipitate of metallic Hg.
- SCN− test: FeCl3 results in a blood-red solution of Fe(SCN)2+.
- Sb3+ Test: H2S generates an orange precipitate of Sb2S3 soluble in Na2S. AL metal produces a black precipitate of metallic Sb insoluble in NaOBR
- Bi3+ Test: H2S gives a brownish black precipitate of Bi2S3 insoluble in Na2S. Na2SnO2 produces a black precipitate of metallic Bi.
Supporting Video
- YouTube video link provided
Pop Quiz
- Give the 5 elements under Group VA: Nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth
- Give the characteristics of group VB elements: This section asks for the characteristics of elements in Group VB.
- Give the identification tests for group VA: This section asks for the identification tests for elements in Group VA.
Assessment
- Take Quiz #____.
- 20 questions.
- 20 minutes time limit.
References
- Qualitative Analysis by Esmarch S. Gilreath
- Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 21st Edition
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Description
Test your understanding of the chemistry of elements in Groups VA and VB of the periodic table. This quiz will cover their properties, identification tests, and compounds. It is designed for students in the Pharmacy course PCQA111 at Our Lady of Fatima University.
