Pharmacy Chapter 2: Respiratory System

Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells?

To react CO2 with water and form carbonic acid (correct)

To convert carbonic acid into bicarbonate

To facilitate the exhalation of CO2

To regulate the depth of respiration

Which area of the respiratory center is responsible for establishing the basic rhythm of breathing?

Pneumotaxic area

Medullary rhythmicity area (correct)

Apneustic area

Cerebral cortex

During quiet breathing, how long does inhalation typically last?

2 seconds (correct)

5 seconds

1 second

3 seconds

What enzyme facilitates the conversion of CO2 to carbonic acid in red blood cells?

Carbonic anhydrase Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an increase in PCO2 have on blood pH?

Decreases pH due to increased acidity Signup and view all the answers

What function does the pneumotaxic area serve in respiration?

It inhibits the inspiratory area to transition between breathing phases Signup and view all the answers

How does temperature influence oxygen release from hemoglobin?

Increased temperature enhances oxygen release Signup and view all the answers

What occurs at the end of the inspiratory area’s activity?

The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax Signup and view all the answers

During which type of breathing does the expiratory area become active?

Forceful breathing Signup and view all the answers

What role does 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) play in oxygen transport?

Decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen Signup and view all the answers

How does the medullary rhythmicity area influence breathing?

By generating nerve impulses for inhalation and exhalation Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of CO2 is transported in plasma as bicarbonate ions?

70% Signup and view all the answers

How does the respiratory center in the brain stem function overall?

By coordinating the rhythm, rate, and depth of breathing Signup and view all the answers

In the tissue capillaries, the relatively high PCO2 promotes the formation of which compound?

Carbaminohemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of CO2 transport in the blood?

As bicarbonate ions primarily Signup and view all the answers

What effect does lactic acid have on blood pH during exercise?

Decreases blood pH Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the respiratory system in maintaining acid-base balance?

To remove carbon dioxide from blood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions are primarily excreted by the kidneys to maintain acid-base balance?

Bicarbonate ions Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood?

Increased breathing rate and depth Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the formation of renal calculi or kidney stones?

Low water intake and high urine acidity Signup and view all the answers

How do kidneys respond when the blood pH falls?

Bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can lead to excessive calcium and contribute to kidney stone formation?

Overactivity of the parathyroid gland Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of chemoreceptors in the respiratory center regarding blood pH?

They increase breathing rate when H+ accumulates Signup and view all the answers

What indicates the ability of renal tubules to maintain blood pH?

Urine pH variation between 4.5-8 Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the afferent arterioles when arterial blood pressure rises?

The arterioles constrict, decreasing renal blood flow. Signup and view all the answers

How does tubuloglomerular feedback respond to an increase in GFR?

By decreasing nitric oxide release, causing afferent arterioles to constrict. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does norepinephrine have on the afferent arterioles?

It causes vasoconstriction, decreasing GFR. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is associated with an increase in GFR?

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Signup and view all the answers

What primarily composes urine?

Water, urea, and other solutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of renal blood flow being greatly decreased?

Conservation of blood volume Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism operates faster in regulating GFR when blood pressure changes?

Myogenic Mechanism Signup and view all the answers

What happens to GFR when angiotensin II is released?

GFR decreases due to vasoconstriction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the glomerular capsule?

To filter blood plasma Signup and view all the answers

Which segment of the renal tubule is primarily involved in reabsorption of substances?

Proximal convoluted tubule Signup and view all the answers

Where do the distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons empty their contents?

Into the collecting duct Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes juxtamedullary nephrons from cortical nephrons?

Juxtamedullary nephrons have deeper renal corpuscles Signup and view all the answers

What connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule?

Loop of Henle Signup and view all the answers

What type of nephron makes up the majority, about 80-85% of nephrons in the kidney?

Cortical nephron Signup and view all the answers

What feature is characteristic of the Loop of Henle?

It consists of both descending and ascending limbs Signup and view all the answers

How does the blood supply to the short loops of Henle in cortical nephrons operate?

Via peritubular capillaries Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Respiratory System

CO2 enters the blood, converting to carbonic acid (H2CO3) via carbonic anhydrase, leading to the release of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions.
Increased H+ concentration results in lower pH, promoting O2 release from hemoglobin under higher PCO2 conditions.
During exercise, lactic acid from anaerobic metabolism also lowers blood pH, facilitating O2 unloading.
Temperature increases lead to enhanced O2 release from hemoglobin, especially during muscle activity, also related to fever effects.
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) in red blood cells reduces hemoglobin's O2 affinity and promotes O2 unloading; higher BPG levels result in more O2 release.

Carbon Dioxide Transport

CO2 transport methods:
- Dissolved CO2 accounts for about 7% and diffuses into alveolar air for exhalation.
- Carbamino compounds, approximately 23%, form when CO2 binds with hemoglobin in high PCO2 environments, breaking away in pulmonary capillaries.
- Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) transport about 70% of CO2. CO2 reacts with water in red blood cells to form carbonic acid, which then dissociates.

Control and Regulation of Respiration

The respiratory center in the brain stem regulates respiration rate and depth.
It consists of:
- Medullary rhythmicity area, controlling basic respiration rhythm with inspiratory and expiratory areas.
- Pneumotaxic area, coordinating transitions between inhalation and exhalation.

Medullary Rhythmicity Area

Inspiratory area generates nerve impulses for inhalation lasting about 2 seconds.
After inhalation, expiration occurs passively for about 3 seconds.
Expiratory area becomes active during forceful breathing, aiding in exhalation.

Pneumotaxic Area

Sends inhibitory impulses to inspiratory area, aiding the transition between breathing phases.

Urinary System Overview

Renal tubule includes proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
PCT is coiled and connected to the glomerular capsule.
Loop of Henle has descending and ascending limbs and connects PCT and DCT, integral for urine concentration.

Types of Nephrons

Cortical nephrons constitute about 80-85%, with renal corpuscles in the outer cortex and short loops of Henle.
Juxtamedullary nephrons (15-20%) have renal corpuscles located near the medulla and long loops extending into the medulla.

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Myogenic mechanism: Smooth muscle in the afferent arterioles responds to blood pressure changes, regulating renal blood flow and GFR.
Tubuloglomerular feedback: Detects changes in Na+, Cl-, and water delivery; adjusts GFR accordingly via afferent arteriole constriction.
Neural regulation: Sympathetic fibers release norepinephrine, causing vasoconstriction and reduced GFR during stress situations.
Hormonal regulation: Angiotensin II decreases GFR, while atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increases it, enhancing filtration surface area.

Composition of Urine

Urine primarily consists of 96% water, 2% urea, and 2% various solutes.

Acid-Base Regulation

Respiratory system controls CO2 expulsion; high CO2 raises H+ levels, stimulating breathing for removal.
Kidneys excrete nonvolatile acids and maintain acid-base balance through hydrogen ion secretion and bicarbonate ion regulation.
Urine pH ranges from 4.5 to 8, showing renal tubules' ability to excrete acidic or basic ions for pH maintenance.

Disorders of the Urinary System

Renal calculi (kidney stones) form from precipitated salts in urine, with common crystals including calcium oxalate or uric acid.
Contributing factors include excessive calcium, low water intake, imbalanced urine pH, and parathyroid hormone activity.

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Description

Explore the dynamics of the respiratory system as outlined in Chapter 2 of your pharmacy course. This quiz focuses on the conversion of CO2 to carbonic acid and its implications for pH balance in the blood. Test your understanding of these crucial physiological processes.