Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which enzyme is responsible for converting CO2 and water into H+ and HCO3- in the blood?
Which enzyme is responsible for converting CO2 and water into H+ and HCO3- in the blood?
Where is bicarbonate (HCO3-) predominantly found in the body after its formation?
Where is bicarbonate (HCO3-) predominantly found in the body after its formation?
What are the final products of glucose and oxygen during cellular respiration?
What are the final products of glucose and oxygen during cellular respiration?
Which enzyme facilitates the conversion of Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) into H+ and bicarbonate (HCO3-)?
Which enzyme facilitates the conversion of Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) into H+ and bicarbonate (HCO3-)?
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In a V/Q test for a patient suspected of having a pulmonary embolism, inadequate perfusion would be indicated by what?
In a V/Q test for a patient suspected of having a pulmonary embolism, inadequate perfusion would be indicated by what?
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What structural component keeps the upper parts of the respiratory system open?
What structural component keeps the upper parts of the respiratory system open?
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Gases in the lungs move ____________ their concentration gradient via simple diffusion.
Gases in the lungs move ____________ their concentration gradient via simple diffusion.
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What is primarily responsible for preventing alveoli from collapsing?
What is primarily responsible for preventing alveoli from collapsing?
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What would happen if someone were to only breathe in carbon dioxide, altering the ability for carbon dioxide to diffuse out leaving it in the blood?
What would happen if someone were to only breathe in carbon dioxide, altering the ability for carbon dioxide to diffuse out leaving it in the blood?
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What is the equation for carbon dioxide being transported to the lungs?
What is the equation for carbon dioxide being transported to the lungs?
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What is a natural buffer that is constantly in the blood and the reason why CO2 is able to diffuse out of the body?
What is a natural buffer that is constantly in the blood and the reason why CO2 is able to diffuse out of the body?
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Where does external respiration take place?
Where does external respiration take place?
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What enzyme is in the red blood cell that facilitates carbon dioxide and water to turn into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions?
What enzyme is in the red blood cell that facilitates carbon dioxide and water to turn into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions?
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What is the pathway of oxygen turning into carbon dioxide and then being blown off by the body?
What is the pathway of oxygen turning into carbon dioxide and then being blown off by the body?
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What would you call the pressure of oxygen in the air?
What would you call the pressure of oxygen in the air?
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About what percentage of oxygen do saturated hemoglobins drop off at the cells if you are healthy?
About what percentage of oxygen do saturated hemoglobins drop off at the cells if you are healthy?
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In the oxygen dissociation curve, if the blood is acidic there can be what is called a right shift which would cause what?
In the oxygen dissociation curve, if the blood is acidic there can be what is called a right shift which would cause what?
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Which of the following is not a function of the upper respiratory system?
Which of the following is not a function of the upper respiratory system?
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For inhalation to happen, the pressure inside the lungs must become:
For inhalation to happen, the pressure inside the lungs must become:
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What is the principle that the lungs naturally want to collapse?
What is the principle that the lungs naturally want to collapse?
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The pleural space is negative, but if it happens to be the same as atmospheric pressure, what happens?
The pleural space is negative, but if it happens to be the same as atmospheric pressure, what happens?
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Which structure separates the respiratory and digestive pathways in humans?
Which structure separates the respiratory and digestive pathways in humans?
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Study Notes
Carbonic Anhydrase
- In the blood, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are converted into a hydrogen ion (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.
Bicarbonate Location
- Bicarbonate (HCO3-) is always present in the blood plasma.
Cellular Respiration Products
- Glucose and oxygen are turned into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP in cellular respiration.
Carbonic Acid Conversion
- Carbonic anhydrase is the enzyme that converts carbonic acid (H2CO3) into H+ and bicarbonate (HCO3-).
Pulmonary Embolisms
- During a V/Q test, inadequate perfusion indicates a low Q value, suggesting a pulmonary embolism.
Upper Respiratory System Structure
- Cartilage keeps the upper parts of the respiratory system open.
Gas Movement
- Gases move down their concentration gradient via simple diffusion in the lungs.
Preventing Alveoli Collapse
- Surfactant and pressure prevent alveoli from collapsing.
Right Arm and Leg Turning Blue
- A patient breathing normally but turning blue only in their right arm and leg suggests dysfunction in ventilation.
Oxygen Dissociation Curve
- Hemoglobin affinity causes the sigmoidal (S-shape) curve of the oxygen dissociation curve.
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport
- Some oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the lungs and blood by diffusion.
Cellular Respiration Equation
- The equation for cellular respiration is: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
Red Blood Cell Transport
- Red blood cells (RBCs) transport oxygen and hydrogen ions.
Carbon Dioxide Accumulation
- Breathing in only carbon dioxide would decrease blood pH, making it more acidic.
Carbon Dioxide Transport Equation
- The equation for carbon dioxide transport to the lungs is: CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3- + H+
Blood Buffer
- Bicarbonate is a natural buffer in the blood, allowing CO2 to diffuse out of the body.
External Respiration Location
- External respiration takes place in the alveoli.
Carbonic Anhydrase in RBCs
- Carbonic anhydrase is the enzyme in red blood cells that facilitates the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
Oxygen to Carbon Dioxide Pathway
- The pathway for oxygen turning into carbon dioxide and being blown off by the body is: Oxygen → Alveoli → Arteries → Tissues → Carbon Dioxide → Veins → Alveoli → Exhalation.
Oxygen Partial Pressure
- The pressure of oxygen in the air is called the partial pressure of oxygen.
Oxygen Saturation
- Healthy individuals drop off approximately 20% of oxygen from saturated hemoglobins at the cells.
Right Shift in Oxygen Dissociation Curve
- A right shift in the oxygen dissociation curve, caused by acidic blood, results in decreased oxygen affinity for hemoglobin in systemic veins.
Upper Respiratory System Functions
- Gas exchange is not a function of the upper respiratory system.
Ventilation Pressure Difference
- Intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure differences enable ventilation.
Inhalation Pressure
- For inhalation to occur, the pressure inside the lungs must become lower than atmospheric pressure.
Lung Collapse Principle
- Lung recoil is the principle that drives the lungs to naturally collapse.
Pneumothorax
- Lung collapse (pneumothorax) occurs when the pleural space pressure equals atmospheric pressure.
Alveolar Pressure During Ventilation
- At the beginning of inspiration, alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure.
- During mid-inspiration, alveolar pressure becomes negative.
- During mid-expiration, alveolar pressure becomes positive.
- At the end of inspiration, alveolar pressure is negative.
Pulmonary Function Measurement
- Vital Capacity measures the maximum possible inhalation and exhalation, reflecting pulmonary function strength.
Residual Volume
- Residual volume remains in the lungs after a maximum voluntary expiration.
Inspiratory Capacity
- Inspiratory capacity (IC) is the combined total of tidal volume (TV) and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV).
Functional Residual Capacity
- Functional residual capacity (FRC) is the combined total of residual volume (RV) and expiratory reserve volume (ERV).
P/Q Miss Match Causes
- Pyelonephritis (kidney infection) is not a cause of a P/Q mismatch.
- Pulmonary embolism, inflammation of the lungs, atelectasis, and pleural effusion are all potential causes of a P/Q mismatch.
Atelectasis
- Atelectasis refers to the collapse of a portion of lung alveoli.
Respiratory and Digestive Pathway Separation
- The larynx separates the respiratory and digestive pathways in humans.
Intrapleural Fluid Function
- Intrapleural fluid reduces friction between the pleurae, allowing smooth lung movement.
Intrapleural Pressure Function
- During inspiration, intrapleural pressure (Pip) keeps the lungs expanded.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in the human respiratory system, including the role of carbonic anhydrase, the function of bicarbonate in blood plasma, and the process of cellular respiration. Additionally, it addresses the structure of the upper respiratory system and gas exchange mechanisms. Test your understanding of these critical physiological processes.
