Pharmacology Week 1 Quiz - Physical Therapy

Course Information

• Istanbul Gelisim University
• Faculty of Health Sciences
• Contact Information: +90 212 422 70 00
• Website: https://www.gelisim.edu.tr

Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation (Pharmacology)

• Course Code and Name: Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation (Pharmacology)
• Course Week: Week 1
• Course Day and Time: Thursday 09:00-11:50
• Course Credit/ACTS Information: 3/6
• Examination Type and Gradings: Midterm and Final exam
• Instructor's Name & Surname: Asst. Prof. Gloria Nnadwa Alhassan
• E-mail & Phone: [email protected]
• Instructor's Room: B-Block Third floor
• Office Hours: 12:00
• GBS Link: https://gbs.gelisim.edu.tr/en/lesson-details-17-319-12132
• ALMS Link: https://lms.gelisim.edu.tr/almsp/u/Home/Index
• AYESIS Link: https://avesis.gelisim.edu.tr/

Weekly Course Contents

• Each week includes Preparatory and Topics
• Preparatory: Literature Search, Database review (e.g., basic concepts of pharmacology, toxicology)
• Topics: Detailed exploration of drug actions and effects
• Includes a midterm exam and final exam

Weekly Learning Outcomes

• Define various terminologies used in Pharmacology
• Understand drug nature and sources
• Understand pharmacodynamics (mechanism of action, dose relationship, etc.)
• Understand pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion)
• Understand theoretical pharmacokinetics (half-life, order of kinetics, and steady-state plasma concentration)
• Understand drug safety and effectiveness
• Understand new drug development

Introduction to Pharmacology

• Branch of medicine focused on drugs
• Studies drug sources, nature, and properties
• Examines how drugs interact with biological systems
• Intended to affect function

Key Terminologies and Definitions

• Clinical Pharmacology: Evaluates drug action and safe dosages in humans
• Drugs: Alter living organism functions (diagnosis, prevention, control, or cure of disease)
• Pharmacy: Identification, selection, preservation, standardization, compounding, and dispensing of medical substances
• Pharmacodynamics: The study of a drug's biological and therapeutic effects
• Pharmacokinetics: Study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME)

Key Terminologies and Definitions Continued

• Pharmacotherapeutics: Proper selection and utilization of drugs for prevention and disease treatment
• Toxicology: Study of poisons, including how drugs act as poisons in larger doses
• Chemotherapy: Drug effect on microorganisms, parasites, and neoplastic cells
• Pharmacopoeia: Official code listing established drugs, physical properties, and tests for purity and potency

Drug Sources

• Minerals (e.g., liquid paraffin, magnesium sulfate)
• Animals (e.g., insulin, heparin)
• Plants (e.g., morphine, digoxin)
• Synthetic sources (e.g., aspirin, paracetamol)
• Microorganisms (e.g., penicillin, streptomycin)
• Genetic engineering (e.g., human insulin)
• Majority of current therapeutics are synthetic

Major Branches of Pharmacology

• Pharmacodynamics: Study of how drugs affect the body
• Mechanisms of drug action, therapeutic effects, and side effects
• Pharmacokinetics: How the body processes drugs (ADME)
• Time course of drug action and its relationship to drug concentration at the site of action

Major Branches of Pharmacology (Continued)

• Process of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
• How these factors affect drug concentration in the body
• How this contributes to effectiveness and potential toxicity

Drug Classifications

• Based on therapeutic use (e.g., antihypertensives, antibiotics)
• Based on mechanism of action (e.g., beta-blockers, enzyme inhibitors)
• Based on chemical structure (e.g., steroids, sulfonamides)

Key Concepts in Pharmacology

• Drug Action:
• Agonists: Initiate a biological response by binding to receptors
• Antagonists: Block receptors, preventing a response
• Partial agonists: Create a moderate response even with all bound receptors
• Dose-Response Relationship:
• Effective Dose (ED50): Dose needed for 50% of maximal effect
• Toxic Dose (TD50): Dose causing toxic effects in 50% of the population
• Lethal Dose (LD50): Dose causing death in 50% of the population
• Therapeutic Index (TI): Ratio of toxic dose and effective dose; higher TI=safer drug
• Potency and Efficacy (Potency: amount needed, Efficacy: maximum effect)

Pharmacokinetics: ADME Principles

• Absorption: Drug entry into the bloodstream
• influenced by formulation, route, and solubility
• Distribution: Drug delivery to tissues and organs (Volume of Distribution)
• Metabolism: Drug modification (primarily in the liver)
• includes first-pass metabolism if through the gastrointestinal tract
• Excretion: Drug removal from the body (primarily through kidneys)

Drug Receptor Interactions

• Receptors: Specific proteins on cell surfaces that initiate cellular responses
• Ion Channels: Drugs regulate ion flow across membranes
• G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs): Common type, intracellular signals triggered by drug binding
• Enzyme-Linked Receptors: Enzymatic activity upon drug binding
• Nuclear Receptors: Affect gene expression and protein synthesis

Factors Affecting Drug Action

• Age: Impact on drug metabolism
• Body Weight: Adjustment of doses for appropriate body mass
• Genetics: Variations in genes affecting metabolism
• Disease States: Liver, or kidney impairment impacting drug clearance
• Drug Interactions: Combined drugs effect

What to Take Home

• Pharmacology's role in understanding drug effects and body processes
• Concepts of Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
• Importance of the dose-response relationship
• Significance of ADME principles in adjusting drug dosages

Questions and Suggestions

• Key differences between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
• Drug-receptor interaction; its significance in pharmacology
• Review terms: bioavailability, half-life, agonists, antagonists
• Real-life examples of drug interactions

Recommended Daily Studies

• Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

References

• Several pharmacology textbooks (Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Medical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dale's Condensed E-Book, etc.)

Test your understanding of pharmacology fundamentals in this Week 1 quiz for the Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation course. Dive into the basic concepts of pharmacology and toxicology through engaging questions that will reinforce your learning.