1st Week Pharmacology Lecture Notes PDF

Name of Department : PHYSICAL THERAPY AND REHABILITATION (ENGLI Course Code and Name : PHARMACOLOGY Course Week : Week 1 Course Day and Time : Thursday 09:00-11:50 Course Credit/ACTS Information : 3/6 Examination Type and Gradings : M...

Name of Department : PHYSICAL THERAPY AND REHABILITATION (ENGLI Course Code and Name : PHARMACOLOGY Course Week : Week 1 Course Day and Time : Thursday 09:00-11:50 Course Credit/ACTS Information : 3/6 Examination Type and Gradings : Midterm and Final exam Instructor’s Name & Surname : Assist.Prof. GLORIA NNADWA ALHASSAN E-mail & Phone: : [email protected] Instructor’s Room : B-Block Third floor Office Hours : 12:00 GBS Link : https://gbs.gelisim.edu.tr/en/lesson-details-17-319-12132 ALMS Link : https://lms.gelisim.edu.tr/almsp/u/Home/Index AVESIS Link : https://avesis.gelisim.edu.tr/ | 14 WEEKS’S COURSE CONTENTS |  | WEEKLY LEARNING OUTCOMES | By the end of this week, students will be able to: 1. Define various terminologies used in Pharmacology. 2. Know about nature and sources of drugs. 3. Understand pharmacodynamics like mechanism of drug action, dose relation ship and pharmacokinetics like absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of drugs. 4. Understand theoritical pharmacokinetics like half-life, order of kinetics, steady state plasma concentration. 5. Understand drug safety and effectiveness like factors affecting drug action and adverse drug reactions. 6. Understand new drug development and evaluation.. | ABOUT THE PREVIOUS COURSE | Today is our first class , welcome back from holidays.  | DAILY FLOW | 09.00-09.50/ 1st Hour 10.00-10.50/ 2nd Hour 11.00-11:50/3ed Hour  | Introduction to Pharmacology | Pharmacology is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of drugs, their sources, their nature, and their properties. It examines how drugs interact with biological systems to affect function.  Key Terminologies and Definitions 1. Clinical Pharmacology: It evaluate the pharmacological action of drug preferred route of administration and safe dosage range in human by clinical trails. 2. Drugs: Drugs are chemicals that alter functions of living organisms. Drugs are generally given for the diagnosis, prevention, control or cure of disease. 3. Pharmacy: It is the science of identification, selection, preservation, standardisation, compounding and dispensing of medical substances. 4. Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biological and therapeutic effects of drugs (i.e, “what the drug does to the body”). 5. Pharmacokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution metabolism and excretion (ADME) of drugs (“i.e what the body does to the drug”).  Key Terminologies and Definitions 6. Pharmacotherapeutics: It deals with the proper selection and use of drugs for the prevention and treatment of disease. 7. Toxicology: It’s the science of poisons. Many drugs in larger doses may act as poisons. Poisons are substances that cause harmful, dangerous or fatal symptoms in living substances. 8. Chemotherapy: It’s the effect of drugs upon microorganisms, parasites and neoplastic cells living and multiplying in living organisms. 9. Pharmacopoeia: An official code containing a selected list of the established drugs and medical preparations with descriptions of their physical properties and tests for their identity, purity and potency e.g. Indian Pharmacopoeia (I.P), British Pharmacopoeia (B.P). Drugs are obtained from: 1. Minerals: Liquid paraffin, magnesium sulfate, magnesium trisilicate, kaolin, etc. 2. Animals: Insulin, thyroid extract, heparin and antitoxin sera, etc. 3. Plants: Morphine, digoxin, atropine, castor oil, etc. 4. Synthetic source: Aspirin, sulphonamides, paracetamol, zidovudine, etc. 5. Micro organisms: Penicillin, streptomycin and many other antibiotics. 6. Genetic engineering: Human insulin, human growth hormone etc. Out of all the above sources, majority of the drugs currently used in therapeutics are from synthetic source.  Major Branches of Pharmacology 1. Pharmacodynamics: The study of how drugs affect the body. Mechanisms of drug action, therapeutic effects, and side effects. 2. Pharmacokinetics: How the body processes a drug (ADME: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion). Time course of drug action and how it relates to the drug concentration at the site of action. Major Branches of Pharmacology Major Branches of Pharmacology  | Drug Classifications | Drugs can be classified based on various criteria: Therapeutic use (e.g., antihypertensives, antibiotics). Mechanism of action (e.g., beta- blockers, enzyme inhibitors). Chemical structure (e.g., steroids, sulfonamides).  Key Concepts in 1. Drug Action: Pharmacology Agonists: Drugs that bind to receptors and produce a biological response (e.g., adrenaline). Antagonists: Drugs that block receptors and prevent a biological response (e.g., beta- blockers). Partial Agonists: Drugs that produce a moderate response even when all receptors are bound. 2. Dose-Response Relationship: Describes the relationship between the dose of a drug and the magnitude of its effect. Effective Dose (ED50): The dose that produces 50% of the maximal effect. Toxic Dose (TD50): The dose at which 50% of the population experiences toxic effects. Lethal Dose (LD50): The dose that causes death in 50% of the population.  Key Concepts in Pharmacology 3. Therapeutic Index (TI): A measure of a drug's safety, calculated as the ratio of the toxic dose (TD50) to the effective dose (ED50). A high TI indicates a relatively safe drug. 4. Potency and Efficacy: Potency: The amount of drug needed to produce a certain effect. Efficacy: The maximum effect a drug can produce, regardless of dose  Pharmacokinetics: The ADME Principles 1. Absorption:  How a drug enters the bloodstream.  IS influenced by factors such as drug formulation, route of administration (oral, intravenous, etc.), and drug solubility. 2. Distribution:  The process by which the drug is delivered to tissues and organs.  Volume of Distribution (Vd): The apparent volume in which the drug is distributed in the body. 3. Metabolism:  The biochemical modification of the drug, primarily in the liver (Phase I and Phase II reactions).  First-Pass Metabolism: Drugs absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract are metabolized by the liver before reaching systemic circulation. 4. Excretion:  The removal of drugs from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine), but also through feces, breath, and sweat.  Clearance: The rate at which a drug is removed from the body.  | Drug Receptor Interaction | Receptors are specific proteins located on the surface of cells, which drugs bind to initiate a cellular response. Types of drug receptors can be broadly classified as: 1. Ion Channels: These receptors regulate the flow of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium across cell membranes. Drugs acting on these receptors can either block or open ion channels, affecting cellular activity (e.g., local anesthetics). 2. G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs): The most common type, these receptors activate intracellular signals via G-proteins upon drug binding, leading to varied physiological effects (e.g., adrenaline receptors).  | Drug Receptor Interaction | 3. Enzyme-Linked Receptors: These receptors have an enzymatic activity that is activated upon drug binding, often involved in growth and immune responses (e.g., insulin receptors). 4. Nuclear Receptors: Found inside cells, these receptors influence gene expression and protein synthesis when activated by lipid-soluble drugs (e.g., steroid hormone receptors).Each type plays a specific role in how drugs affect cellular functions and overall therapeutic outcomes. Note… The affinity of a drug for its receptor and the intrinsic activity determine the strength of the drug-receptor interaction. Each type plays a specific role in how drugs affect cellular functions and overall therapeutic outcomes. Factors Affecting Drug Action: 1. Age: Infants and the elderly metabolize drugs differently. 2. Body Weight: Dosages often need to be adjusted for body mass. 3. Genetics: Variations in genes can affect drug metabolism. 4. Disease States: Conditions such as liver or kidney disease can impact drug clearance. 5. Drug Interactions: When two or more drugs are taken together, they may interact, leading to altered drug effects.  | WHAT TO TAKE HOME? | 1. Pharmacology is central to understanding how drugs affect the body and how the body processes drugs. 2. Basic concepts such as pharmacodynamics (how drugs work) and pharmacokinetics (how the body handles drugs) are foundational. 3. The dose-response relationship is key to understanding both therapeutic and toxic effects of drugs. 4. Understanding the ADME principles is essential for determining the correct dosing and therapeutic effect of medications.  | QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS | What are the key differences between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics? Can you explain the concept of drug-receptor interaction and its significance in pharmacology? Review key terms: Familiarize yourself with essential pharmacology terms such as bioavailability, half-life, and agonists vs. antagonists. Real-life application: Think of examples from clinical practice or daily life where drug interactions play a critical role.  | RECOMMENDED DAILY STUDIES | Goodman & Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics  | REFERENCES | 1.Goodman & Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 2.Medical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 5th Edition by Derek G. Waller BSc DM MBBS FRCP (Author), Anthony Sampson MA PhD FHEA FBPhS 3.Dale's Pharmacology Condensed E-Book Book by C. P. Page and Simon Pitchford 4.Undergraduate Pharmacology 2nd Edition by K. Mukhopadhyay (Author) | ABOUT THE NEXT WEEK | Week 2 Basic concepts in toxicology “Victory is for those who can say "Victory is mine". Success is for those who can begin saying "I will succeed" and say "I have succeeded" in the end.” ― Mustafa Kemal Atatürk