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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of respiratory drugs?
What is the main purpose of respiratory drugs?
Decongestant nasal sprays should be used for more than 3 days.
Decongestant nasal sprays should be used for more than 3 days.
False
What do mucolytics do?
What do mucolytics do?
They attempt to reduce the viscosity of respiratory secretions.
The primary method of administering beta-adrenergic agonists is through _____ .
The primary method of administering beta-adrenergic agonists is through _____ .
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Which of the following medications is not typically used for treating respiratory issues?
Which of the following medications is not typically used for treating respiratory issues?
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What is the role of leukotriene inhibitors?
What is the role of leukotriene inhibitors?
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Antihistamines can cause sedation in all patients.
Antihistamines can cause sedation in all patients.
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The drugs used to treat bronchial asthma often include _____ and beta-2 agonists.
The drugs used to treat bronchial asthma often include _____ and beta-2 agonists.
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Which of the following is a side effect of glucocorticoids?
Which of the following is a side effect of glucocorticoids?
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What condition results in thick, viscous secretions that block the pulmonary tree?
What condition results in thick, viscous secretions that block the pulmonary tree?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What are common symptoms of hyperthyroidism? (Select all that apply)
What are common symptoms of hyperthyroidism? (Select all that apply)
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Which medication is the drug of choice for hypothyroidism?
Which medication is the drug of choice for hypothyroidism?
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Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) are generally less effective than H2 blockers.
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) are generally less effective than H2 blockers.
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What does the acronym GERD stand for?
What does the acronym GERD stand for?
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Name one side effect of long-term PPI use.
Name one side effect of long-term PPI use.
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The main goal of chemotherapy is to limit cell proliferation by killing or attenuating the growth of __________ cells.
The main goal of chemotherapy is to limit cell proliferation by killing or attenuating the growth of __________ cells.
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Which type of medication is commonly used to prevent vomiting?
Which type of medication is commonly used to prevent vomiting?
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What is the pharmacological function of aminoglycosides?
What is the pharmacological function of aminoglycosides?
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Levothyroxine can cause symptoms of hyperthyroidism if overdosed.
Levothyroxine can cause symptoms of hyperthyroidism if overdosed.
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Match the drug class with its primary action:
Match the drug class with its primary action:
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What is the branch of pharmacology that refers to the use of drugs to prevent, treat, or diagnose disease?
What is the branch of pharmacology that refers to the use of drugs to prevent, treat, or diagnose disease?
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What process describes how the body absorbs, distributes, and eliminates drugs?
What process describes how the body absorbs, distributes, and eliminates drugs?
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What is the study of harmful effects of chemicals called?
What is the study of harmful effects of chemicals called?
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What is one of the main differences between brand and generic drugs?
What is one of the main differences between brand and generic drugs?
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What is the total time from conception to market for new drugs?
What is the total time from conception to market for new drugs?
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The 'On-Off Phenomenon' refers to the gradual improvement of symptoms in patients taking Levodopa.
The 'On-Off Phenomenon' refers to the gradual improvement of symptoms in patients taking Levodopa.
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Which of the following symptoms is part of the TRAP acronym associated with Parkinson's disease?
Which of the following symptoms is part of the TRAP acronym associated with Parkinson's disease?
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What is the primary purpose of Carbidopa when given with Levodopa?
What is the primary purpose of Carbidopa when given with Levodopa?
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General anesthetics may bind to receptors such as GABA, Potassium, and ______ depending on the medication.
General anesthetics may bind to receptors such as GABA, Potassium, and ______ depending on the medication.
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Which of the following is NOT a property of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
Which of the following is NOT a property of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
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What is a common side effect of general anesthesia?
What is a common side effect of general anesthesia?
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Which medication is known to have irreversible retinal damage as a major side effect?
Which medication is known to have irreversible retinal damage as a major side effect?
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What is the mechanism of action for glucocorticoids?
What is the mechanism of action for glucocorticoids?
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What is spasticity caused by?
What is spasticity caused by?
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Spasticity occurs due to decreased stretch reflex.
Spasticity occurs due to decreased stretch reflex.
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Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) typically allows patients to ______ as needed for pain relief.
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) typically allows patients to ______ as needed for pain relief.
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What is the primary use of Viscosupplementation?
What is the primary use of Viscosupplementation?
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What is a potential side effect of using Diazepam?
What is a potential side effect of using Diazepam?
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What is the role of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
What is the role of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
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Which of the following is a symptom of Serotonin Syndrome?
Which of the following is a symptom of Serotonin Syndrome?
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In Cushing Syndrome, excessive levels of __________ are secreted.
In Cushing Syndrome, excessive levels of __________ are secreted.
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What condition is treated with hormone replacement therapy (HRT)?
What condition is treated with hormone replacement therapy (HRT)?
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What type of hormones are androgens?
What type of hormones are androgens?
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Which drug can lead to generalized sedation as a side effect?
Which drug can lead to generalized sedation as a side effect?
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Botulinum toxin (Botox) is used to enhance muscle contraction.
Botulinum toxin (Botox) is used to enhance muscle contraction.
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What is the function of glucocorticoids?
What is the function of glucocorticoids?
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Study Notes
Pharmacology Overview
- Pharmacotherapeutics involves drug use to prevent, treat, or diagnose diseases.
- Pharmacokinetics: Study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination by the body.
- Pharmacodynamics: Examination of drug effects on the body and how they produce their effects.
- Toxicology: Focuses on the harmful effects of chemicals.
Drug Nomenclature
- Chemical Name: Describes the chemical structure.
- Trade/Brand Name: Commercial name given to a drug.
- Generic Name (Nonproprietary): Shorter name derived from the chemical name.
Brand vs. Generic Drugs
- Brand-name drugs are protected by patents.
- Generic drugs are typically cheaper and must demonstrate bioequivalence:
- Same active ingredients and dosage.
- Identical route of administration and pharmacokinetic profile.
- Comparable therapeutic effects.
Drug Approval Process
- Preclinical Trials: Animal testing lasts 1-2 years.
- Clinical Trials: Human testing across three phases over 5-6 years.
- Postmarketing Surveillance (Phase IV): Ongoing monitoring after market introduction.
- Average total time from conception to market is 7-9 years.
Parkinson's Disease (PD)
- Characterized by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the basal ganglia.
- Symptoms include TRAP: Resting Tremor, Bradykinesia, Rigidity, and Postural Instability.
- Imbalance of dopamine and acetylcholine contributes to bradykinesia.
Causes of Parkinson's Disease
- No single cause; likely due to genetic predisposition and environmental factors.
- Environmental triggers include herbicides, insecticides, and industrial waste exposure.
Drug Treatment Overview for PD
- Levodopa (Sinemet): Converts to dopamine and is most effective for symptom relief. Long-term use may result in reduced efficacy.
- Carbidopa: Prevents Levodopa conversion in the periphery, allowing more to reach the brain.
- Dopamine Agonists: Directly stimulate dopamine receptors, possibly causing fewer side effects.
- Anticholinergics: Reduce acetylcholine effects but have limited use due to side effects.
- Amantadine: Modulates excitatory amino acid activity; suitable for early stages or as an adjunct.
- MAO-B Inhibitors: Extend dopamine activity and may have neuroprotective effects.
- COMT Inhibitors: Help maintain dopamine levels by hindering its breakdown.
Levodopa-Carbidopa (Sinemet)
- Background: Levodopa is converted to dopamine by Dopa Decarboxylase. Only 1% gets through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) without assistance.
- Dosage: Initial dosing is typically 25mg Carbidopa/100mg Levodopa, with an average maintenance dose of 600-700mg/day.
- Side Effects: Include end-of-dose akinesia, on-off phenomenon, freezing episodes, and gastrointestinal problems.
New Parkinson's Disease Research
- Focus on the balance of neurotransmitters. Dopamine depletion complicates acetylcholine levels and may contribute to cognitive issues in PD.
- New treatments aim to address the hormonal balance between acetylcholine and dopamine.
Neurosurgical Interventions for PD
- Deep Brain Stimulation: Inserting electrodes to normalize circuitry in the basal ganglia.
- Pallidotomy/Thalamotomy: Surgical lesions in specific pathways used in advanced PD cases.
Anesthesia Overview
- General Anesthetics: Induce unconsciousness for procedures; may be gaseous or IV forms.
- Balanced anesthesia requires a combination of drugs to achieve effects such as immobility, unconsciousness, and analgesia.
General Anesthetics MOA
- Medications bind to receptors, affecting neurotransmitter activity which impacts consciousness. Neuromuscular blockers may enhance mechanical ventilation.
General Anesthesia Side Effects
- Risks include confusion, fatigue, nausea, and potentially malignant hyperthermia, characterized by rapid increases in body temperature and muscle rigidity.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
- NSAIDs reduce inflammation, alleviate pain, and have antipyretic properties.
- Primary distinctions between Aspirin (anti-inflammatory) and Acetaminophen (analgesic/antipyretic) highlight different mechanisms and uses.
Pathophysiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
- Systemic autoimmune disease characterized by synovitis, leading to destructive joint inflammation. Higher incidence in women.
- Antibodies form against antigens, causing immune responses that damage cartilage and bone.
RA Drug Treatment
- Involves NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
- Glucocorticoids are potent anti-inflammatories but have catabolic side effects.
DMARDs
- Non-biologic DMARDs, including antimalarials and gold therapy, can suppress immune function but have a range of side effects.
- Biologic DMARDs specifically inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to moderate the inflammatory response with a lower side effect profile.
Viscosupplementation
- Involves injecting hyaluronic acid into joints, improving synovial fluid viscosity, beneficial for knee osteoarthritis, and delaying joint replacement.
Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA)
- Allows patients to self-administer analgesics for pain management, commonly through IV routes but also via epidural or transdermal methods.
Local Anesthetics
- Enable pain relief without residual effects, commonly using agents like lidocaine. They work primarily by inhibiting sodium channel activity on nerve membranes.### Anesthesia
- Block, epidural, or spinal nerve block administers medication in the subarachnoid space.
- Global effects occur below the administration site, typically around L3-L4.
- Delivery method significantly influences the overall effects experienced.
Respiratory System
- Mediates gas exchange between the external environment and bloodstream.
- The upper respiratory system warms and moistens the air, protecting lungs from irritants.
- Gas exchange primarily occurs in the alveoli with pulmonary circulation.
- Many patients experience both acute and chronic pulmonary conditions; understanding medication effects is essential.
Respiratory Drugs
- Maintain proper airflow and gas exchange in respiratory passages; two main categories:
- Minor (e.g., nasal congestion, cough, seasonal allergies).
- Chronic/Serious (e.g., asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, COPD).
Cough/Cold/Allergies Treatments
- Antitussives: Suppress coughing; not recommended for productive cough. Generally not for children under six.
- Decongestants: Mainly Alpha-1-Adrenergic Agonists creating vasoconstriction in nasal mucosa. Usage is limited to short terms to avoid rebound congestion.
- Antihistamines: Block H1 receptors to alleviate allergic symptoms. Newer versions do not cause sedation.
Mucolytics and Expectorants
- Mucolytics (e.g., acetylcysteine) reduce secretion viscosity; expectorants help clear mucus. Efficacy is often debated, with Mucinex being FDA-approved.
Asthma & COPD Treatments
- Characterized by bronchospasms and inflammation. Strategies focus on preventing or reversing bronchoconstriction.
- Bronchodilators: Stimulate B2 receptors for bronchodilation via various administration methods (oral, inhalation).
- Anti-inflammatories: Corticosteroids control inflammation; adverse effects reduced when inhaled.
Leukotriene Inhibitors
- Medications that inhibit leukotriene production, aiding in inflammation control; commonly used alongside corticosteroids and beta agonists.
Bronchial Asthma Management
- Treatment involves corticosteroids plus long-acting beta-2 agonists. Asthma patients should have a rescue inhaler available during physical therapy.
COPD Management
- Focus on managing bronchitis and emphysema symptoms with anticholinergics, long-acting B2 agonists, and steroids tailored to patient needs.
Cystic Fibrosis Challenges
- Characterized by thick secretions causing blockages in pulmonary and related organs, leading to serious complications. Treatment includes various drugs for mucus management and respiratory hygiene practices.
Muscle Relaxants / Spasticity Treatment
- Address hyperexcitable muscle tissue, aiding with spasticity and spasms.
- Spasms: Continuous muscle contraction often caused by injury or inflammation.
- Spasticity: Exaggerated stretch reflex associated with CNS damage, graded by the Modified Ashworth Scale.
Anti-Spasm Drugs
- Diazepam (Valium): Increases GABA inhibition for muscle relaxation. Risks include tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.
- Centrally Acting Anti-spasm Drugs: Inhibit AMN excitability, often used short-term, with side effects including drowsiness and dizziness.
Neuroleptic and Anticholinergic Syndromes
- Serotonin Syndrome: Can occur from serotonin agonists; symptoms include altered mental status and muscle rigidity.
- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: Typically follows exposure to dopamine antagonists; symptoms develop over days and include rigidity.
- Malignant Hyperthermia: Triggered by specific anesthetics; symptoms include rising end-tidal CO2 and skin mottling.
Antispasticity Medications
- Diazepam, Baclofen (oral/intrathecal), Dantrolene Sodium, Gabapentin, Tizanidine, Botulinum Toxin: Each have distinct mechanisms, indications, and side effect profiles.
Endocrine Pharmacology
- Focuses on maintaining homeostasis via hormone secretion across various glands (hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, etc.).
- Hormone supplementation is commonly a foundation for many medications.### Endocrine Control
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is produced in the anterior pituitary gland and regulates cortisol levels from the adrenal gland.
Adrenocorticosteroids
- Adrenal cortex produces two types of steroids:
- Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol) regulate metabolism and response to stress.
- Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone) maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.
- Administered in two ways:
- Physiologic dose: Equivalent to normal production (hormone replacement).
- Pharmacologic dose: Higher dosages for specific effects, such as anti-inflammation.
Glucocorticoids
- Glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol, peak in release at 8 am, preparing the body for activity.
- They increase blood glucose and facilitate muscle breakdown for glycogen storage in the liver, inhibiting glucose uptake in muscles and fat.
Glucocorticoids & Endocrine Disorders
- Cushing Syndrome: Excess cortisol causing a “moon face,” hypertension, and glucose intolerance. Treatment involves adrenalectomy and hormone replacement therapy.
- Addison Disease: Insufficient aldosterone and cortisol lead to fatigue, low blood pressure, and potential adrenal failure requiring hormone replacement.
Male and Female Hormones
- Androgens (e.g., testosterone) produced in male gonads control reproduction and secondary sexual characteristics.
- Estrogens and progestins produced in female ovaries regulate menstruation and have medical uses in contraception and treatment.
Androgens
- Clinical uses include replacement therapy for aging, catabolic states, delayed puberty, breast cancer, and anemia.
- Abuse potential through anabolic steroids can lead to liver damage, cardiovascular issues, and mood swings.
Estrogen and Progesterone
- Key for female sexual maturation and regulation of menstrual cycles, with cyclic production and variations.
- Medical uses include treatment for osteoporosis, hypogonadism, and menopausal symptoms, with risks of cardiovascular issues.
Thyroid Hormones
- Control metabolism through increased BMR, body temperature, and respiratory functions.
- Secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3); discrepancies in hormone levels linked to autoimmune conditions like Graves and Hashimoto's diseases.
Hyperthyroidism
- Symptoms include nervousness, weight loss, rapid heart rate, heat intolerance, and muscle wasting.
- Treatments involve antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy, and surgery.
Hypothyroidism
- Symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, slow heart rate, and cold intolerance.
- Treated with hormone replacement therapy, particularly levothyroxine, with careful monitoring of TSH levels.
Gastrointestinal Pharmacology
- GERD arises from mechanisms like transient esophageal relaxation and anatomic disruptions, treatable by lifestyle changes and medications.
Antacids and Anti-Acid Medications
- Antacids neutralize stomach acid; H2 blockers inhibit acid production; proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are more effective in reducing acid secretion.
Antiemetics
- Used for symptom relief in various conditions; types include antihistamines and serotonergic blockers.
Anti-Diarrheals
- Should be avoided with abdominal pain or fever; options include loperamide for motility and bismuth subsalicylate for antimicrobial effects.
Constipation Management
- Non-pharmacological methods include fiber intake and fluid consumption, while pharmacological options range from bulk-forming agents to stimulants.
Antibacterial Drugs
- Classified as bactericidal or bacteriostatic, inhibiting bacterial wall synthesis or protein production via various drug classes, including penicillins and cephalosporins.
Drug Resistance
- Overuse of antibiotics has contributed to the emergence of resistant strains like MRSA and VRE.
Antiviral Drugs
- Target viral function with common side effects affecting multiple organ systems, emphasizing the need for careful management.
Interferons
- Proteins that enhance immune resistance to viral infections, grouped into three classes, with potential adverse effects like flu-like symptoms.
HIV
- Retrovirus impairing T-cell function can lead to severe immunocompromised states; no cure exists, but treatments aim to slow replication and manage infections.
Antifungal and Antiparasitic Drugs
- Mycosis-treated primarily topically; considerations for skin inspections and hygiene in high-risk environments.
Chemotherapy
- Aims to limit cancer cell proliferation by targeting rapidly dividing cells; cell kill hypothesizes a proportional reduction in cancer cells per treatment cycle.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of pharmacology, including pharmacotherapeutics, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. This quiz also covers toxicology and drug nomenclature, providing a thorough overview of drug interactions and effects on the body. Test your knowledge in the important principles guiding pharmaceutical science.
