40 Questions
Which of the following neurotransmitters plays a primary inhibitory role in the body?
GABA
Which receptor is primarily stimulated to produce sedation and/or anesthesia?
GABA-A receptor
What is the primary mechanism of action of ketamine?
Antagonism of NMDA receptors
Which of the following drugs is not a positive allosteric stimulator of GABA-A receptors?
Ketamine
Which receptor is primarily antagonized to produce sedation and/or anesthesia?
NMDA receptor
Which type of receptors are GABA-A receptors classified as?
Ionotropic or ligand-gated ion channel receptors
What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the body?
Glutamate
Which receptors are selectively activated by N-methyl D-aspartic acid?
NMDA receptors
What type of receptors are GABA-B receptors classified as?
Metabotropic or G-protein coupled receptors
Which of the following is a target for nitrous oxide?
NMDA receptors
Which type of receptor is stimulated by dexmedetomidine to produce sedative, hypnotic, and analgesic effects?
a2-adrenergic receptors
Which receptors are involved in the activity of biological clocks and their stimulation can induce sleep?
Melatonin M1 and M2 receptors
Which receptors are blocked by certain antihistamines and antidepressants to produce sedative effects?
Central histamine H1 receptors
Which receptors are involved in the production of sedative, hypnotic, and analgesic effects via the stimulation of inhibitory neurons?
GABA-A receptors
Which receptors are involved in sedative, hypnotic, and/or analgesic effects, and their stimulation can induce sleep?
Melatonin M1 and M2 receptors
What is the primary advantage of benzodiazepines over barbiturates?
They have a higher therapeutic index
What is the primary concern when using benzodiazepines in combination with other CNS depressants?
Increased risk of respiratory depression
What determines the suitability of a benzodiazepine for treatment of anxiety versus insomnia?
Half-life and onset of action
What is the primary mechanism of action of flumazenil?
Competitive antagonist of benzodiazepine receptors
What is the recommended duration of benzodiazepine use to avoid dependence and withdrawal symptoms?
2-4 weeks
What is the primary mechanism of action of benzodiazepines on GABA-A receptors?
Increasing the frequency of neuronal firing
What is the primary mechanism of action of neurosteroids like alfaxalone?
Activation of GABA-A receptors
Which of the following agents is not a dissociative anesthetic?
Alfaxalone
Which of the following receptors is targeted by baclofen, a muscle relaxant?
GABA-B receptors
What is the effect of glutamate binding to NMDA receptors?
Increase in cation conductance
What is the primary effect of benzodiazepines on neuronal activity?
Hyperpolarizing the neuron
Which of the following drugs is an agonist of GABA-B receptors?
GHB
Which receptor is not primarily involved in the mechanism of action of neurosteroids?
NMDA receptors
What is the administration route for ketamine and phencyclidine?
Intravenous infusion
What is the primary mechanism of action of benzodiazepines in reducing anxiety?
Enhancing the actions of GABA
Which class of compounds, including barbiturates, has a greater depressant effect and is used routinely for anesthesia?
Barbiturates
What is the effect of increasing chloride conductance and hyperpolarizing the neuron?
Resistance to depolarization
Which of the following agents enhances the actions of GABA by increasing the duration of channel opening?
Barbiturates
What is the mechanism of action of propofol?
Positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptors
What is the primary use of barbiturates in modern medicine?
Anesthesia and lethal injection
Which of the following is NOT a target for barbiturates?
Histamine H1 receptors
What is the effect of binding to distinct sites on GABA-A receptors?
Increased chloride conductance
Which of the following is a characteristic of fluranes?
Volatile liquid administered by inhalation
What is the primary mechanism of action of neurosteroids?
Positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptors
Which of the following is NOT a property of barbiturates?
Analgesic
Explore the mechanisms of sedative, hypnotic, and analgesic effects through GABA-A receptors, NMDA receptors, and other targets. Learn about the role of central a2-adrenergic receptors and agonist stimulation in producing these effects.
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