Pharmacology: Sedative, Hypnotic, and Analgesic Effects
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Pharmacology: Sedative, Hypnotic, and Analgesic Effects

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters plays a primary inhibitory role in the body?

  • Glutamate
  • Histamine
  • GABA (correct)
  • Melatonin

    • Which receptor is primarily stimulated to produce sedation and/or anesthesia?

  • NMDA receptor
  • GABA-A receptor (correct)
  • a2-adrenergic receptor
  • Melatonin receptor

    • What is the primary mechanism of action of ketamine?

  • Inhibition of a2-adrenergic receptors
  • Antagonism of NMDA receptors (correct)
  • Positive allosteric stimulation of GABA-A receptors
  • Stimulation of histamine H1 receptors

    • Which of the following drugs is not a positive allosteric stimulator of GABA-A receptors?

    <p>Ketamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is primarily antagonized to produce sedation and/or anesthesia?

    <p>NMDA receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors are GABA-A receptors classified as?

    <p>Ionotropic or ligand-gated ion channel receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the body?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are selectively activated by N-methyl D-aspartic acid?

    <p>NMDA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors are GABA-B receptors classified as?

    <p>Metabotropic or G-protein coupled receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a target for nitrous oxide?

    <p>NMDA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is stimulated by dexmedetomidine to produce sedative, hypnotic, and analgesic effects?

    <p>a2-adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are involved in the activity of biological clocks and their stimulation can induce sleep?

    <p>Melatonin M1 and M2 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are blocked by certain antihistamines and antidepressants to produce sedative effects?

    <p>Central histamine H1 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are involved in the production of sedative, hypnotic, and analgesic effects via the stimulation of inhibitory neurons?

    <p>GABA-A receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are involved in sedative, hypnotic, and/or analgesic effects, and their stimulation can induce sleep?

    <p>Melatonin M1 and M2 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of benzodiazepines over barbiturates?

    <p>They have a higher therapeutic index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when using benzodiazepines in combination with other CNS depressants?

    <p>Increased risk of respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the suitability of a benzodiazepine for treatment of anxiety versus insomnia?

    <p>Half-life and onset of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of flumazenil?

    <p>Competitive antagonist of benzodiazepine receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended duration of benzodiazepine use to avoid dependence and withdrawal symptoms?

    <p>2-4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of benzodiazepines on GABA-A receptors?

    <p>Increasing the frequency of neuronal firing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of neurosteroids like alfaxalone?

    <p>Activation of GABA-A receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following agents is not a dissociative anesthetic?

    <p>Alfaxalone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following receptors is targeted by baclofen, a muscle relaxant?

    <p>GABA-B receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of glutamate binding to NMDA receptors?

    <p>Increase in cation conductance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of benzodiazepines on neuronal activity?

    <p>Hyperpolarizing the neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is an agonist of GABA-B receptors?

    <p>GHB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is not primarily involved in the mechanism of action of neurosteroids?

    <p>NMDA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the administration route for ketamine and phencyclidine?

    <p>Intravenous infusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of benzodiazepines in reducing anxiety?

    <p>Enhancing the actions of GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of compounds, including barbiturates, has a greater depressant effect and is used routinely for anesthesia?

    <p>Barbiturates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing chloride conductance and hyperpolarizing the neuron?

    <p>Resistance to depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following agents enhances the actions of GABA by increasing the duration of channel opening?

    <p>Barbiturates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of propofol?

    <p>Positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of barbiturates in modern medicine?

    <p>Anesthesia and lethal injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a target for barbiturates?

    <p>Histamine H1 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of binding to distinct sites on GABA-A receptors?

    <p>Increased chloride conductance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of fluranes?

    <p>Volatile liquid administered by inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of neurosteroids?

    <p>Positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a property of barbiturates?

    <p>Analgesic</p> Signup and view all the answers

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