Pharmacology: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines

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What is the therapeutic use of Phenobarbital?

Treatment of insomnia

Treatment of grand mal seizures (correct)

Treatment of petit mal seizures

Treatment of myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome

Which of the following benzodiazepines is commonly used in dental clinics for IV sedation/anesthesia?

Diazepam

Alprazolam

Clonazepam

Midazolam (correct)

What is the mechanism of action of Thiopental?

GABA receptor agonist (correct)

Acting on the anxiolytic receptor

GABA receptor antagonist

Acting on the barbiturate receptor

What is the therapeutic use of Temazepam?

Treatment of insomnia Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic use of Clonazepam?

Treatment of petit mal seizures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following barbiturates is commonly used for IV anesthesia?

Thiopental Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic use of Diazepam?

Treatment of myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following benzodiazepines is commonly used to treat anxiety disorders?

Alprazolam Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Barbiturates?

GABA receptor agonist Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a therapeutic use of Barbiturates?

Treatment of hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of pharmacokinetics?

Movement of the drug within the body Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics inhibits cell wall synthesis?

Beta-lactam antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

What is the abbreviation for 'tablets' in a prescription?

Tab Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics is commonly used in dentistry to treat bacterial infections?

Beta-lactam antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the use of drugs and their clinical applications?

Pharmacodynamics Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of tetracyclines?

Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Why do tetracyclines have poor absorption when taken with calcium?

Tetracyclines form a complex with calcium, reducing absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using clindamycin for prophylactic use in penicillin-allergic patients?

It has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary dental use of tetracyclines?

Treatment of periodontal and peri-implant disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern related to the use of tetracyclines in children?

Risk of tooth discoloration Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique characteristic of fungal cells compared to human cells?

Presence of ergosterol in the cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of polyene antibiotics such as Amphotericin-B?

Binding to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which antifungal drug is typically used topically for the treatment of oral candidiasis?

Clotrimazole Signup and view all the answers

What is the antifungal spectrum of Amphotericin-B?

Broad-spectrum, effective against fungi and bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Nystatin?

Binding to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using topical antifungals for the treatment of oral candidiasis?

Topical antifungals have fewer side effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fungal infection commonly caused by Candida albicans?

Candidiasis Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about Candida albicans in relation to human flora?

It is normally commensal in humans Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of fungi that makes them similar to human cells?

Similar cell structure to human cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern when using antifungal drugs?

Resistance development Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique characteristic of ketamine compared to other IV-anesthetic agents?

It raises the blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of ketamine?

Inhibition of the NMDA-receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of thiopental?

It is a highly alkaline solution Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using ketamine in pediatric patients?

It has a low rate of adverse effects Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of etomidate?

Suppression of adrenal steroid production Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of termination of anesthesia?

Rapid redistribution of the drug from nervous tissues to other tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using Fospropofol over Propofol?

Less painful injection Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the rate of diffusion of an inhaled anesthetic gas from the lung alveoli to the blood?

The partial pressure between the alveoli and blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum concentration of an anesthetic in the alveoli required to produce immobility in response to a painful stimulus in 50% of patients?

MAC Signup and view all the answers

What is the main disadvantage of prolonged infusion of Propofol?

Prolonged anesthesia due to saturation of adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors increases the MAC of an inhaled anesthetic?

Chronic alcoholism Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Propofol that makes it a unique intravenous anesthetic agent?

Rapid induction and recovery Signup and view all the answers

What is the rare but severe complication associated with prolonged infusion of Propofol?

Propofol-related infusion syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of elimination of inhaled anesthetics?

Exhalation via the lungs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following inhaled anesthetics is considered the prototype to which newer inhalation anesthetics are compared?

Halothane Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason opioids are used in conjunction with inhalation agents?

To enhance the analgesic effect of the inhalation agent Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal characteristic of an anesthetic agent in terms of its shelf life?

It is stable over a range of temperatures and doesn't degrade with light Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of inhalational anesthetics?

To maintain anesthesia after administration of an IV agent Signup and view all the answers

What is the desirable characteristic of an ideal anesthetic agent in terms of its effect on cardiovascular functions?

It has a minimal effect on cardiovascular functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of an ideal anesthetic agent in terms of its administration?

It is easy to administer and titrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which NSAIDs cause gastric mucosal damage?

Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an adverse effect of NSAIDs on the central nervous system?

Seizure precipitation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which NSAIDs interact with diuretics?

Decreased diuretic effect Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a pharmacokinetic concern with NSAIDs?

Prolonged half-life Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary clinical use of NSAIDs?

Pain relief and anti-inflammatory therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of elimination of propionic acid derivatives?

Hydroxylation in the liver followed by glucuronide conjugation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern when prescribing propionic acid derivatives to pregnant women?

Risk of fetal toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of propionic acid derivatives in producing anti-inflammatory effects?

Inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary therapeutic use of ibuprofen?

Simple analgesic and antipyretic Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of propionic acid derivatives in terms of their CNS side effects?

They are known to cause headache, dizziness, and blurring of vision Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on bronchi?

It releases histamine and causes bronchoconstriction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the biliary tract?

It causes spasm of the sphincter of Oddi. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the urinary bladder?

It increases the tone of both the detrusor and sphincter. Signup and view all the answers

What is the oral bioavailability of morphine?

1/6 to 1/4th of the parenterally administered drug. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary elimination pathway of morphine?

Hepatic glucuronide conjugation. Signup and view all the answers

Which opioid receptor is ascribed to analgesia and respiratory depression?

μ (mu) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common gastrointestinal effect of opioids?

Constipation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following opioids has a lower ceiling effect compared to morphine?

Buprenorphine Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of physical dependence related to opioids?

It is synonymous with addiction Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of respiratory depression caused by opioids?

It is a dose-dependent effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of competitive blockers at the neuromuscular junction?

They have affinity for the nicotinic (NM) cholinergic receptors but have no intrinsic activity. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skeletal muscle relaxants is a direct-acting agent?

Dantrolene sodium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between depolarizing and non-depolarizing blockers?

Depolarizing blockers have intrinsic activity at the nicotinic receptors, while non-depolarizing blockers do not. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skeletal muscle relaxants is a centrally acting agent?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of non-depolarizing blockers in reducing muscle tone?

They bind to the nicotinic receptors and have no intrinsic activity. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skeletal muscle relaxants is used as an anesthesia adjuvant?

Vecuronium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using succinylcholine as a skeletal muscle relaxant?

It has a rapid onset of action. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skeletal muscle relaxants is associated with the development of malignant hyperthermia?

Succinylcholine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants?

They act on the spinal cord to reduce muscle tone. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skeletal muscle relaxants is used to treat muscle spasticity?