80 Questions
What is the therapeutic use of Phenobarbital?
Treatment of grand mal seizures
Which of the following benzodiazepines is commonly used in dental clinics for IV sedation/anesthesia?
Midazolam
What is the mechanism of action of Thiopental?
GABA receptor agonist
What is the therapeutic use of Temazepam?
Treatment of insomnia
What is the therapeutic use of Clonazepam?
Treatment of petit mal seizures
Which of the following barbiturates is commonly used for IV anesthesia?
Thiopental
What is the therapeutic use of Diazepam?
Treatment of myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome
Which of the following benzodiazepines is commonly used to treat anxiety disorders?
Alprazolam
What is the mechanism of action of Barbiturates?
GABA receptor agonist
Which of the following is NOT a therapeutic use of Barbiturates?
Treatment of hypertension
What is the primary concern of pharmacokinetics?
Movement of the drug within the body
Which of the following antibiotics inhibits cell wall synthesis?
Beta-lactam antibiotics
What is the abbreviation for 'tablets' in a prescription?
Tab
Which of the following antibiotics is commonly used in dentistry to treat bacterial infections?
Beta-lactam antibiotics
What is the term for the study of the use of drugs and their clinical applications?
Pharmacodynamics
What is the primary mechanism of action of tetracyclines?
Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis
Why do tetracyclines have poor absorption when taken with calcium?
Tetracyclines form a complex with calcium, reducing absorption
What is the primary benefit of using clindamycin for prophylactic use in penicillin-allergic patients?
It has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity
What is the primary dental use of tetracyclines?
Treatment of periodontal and peri-implant disease
What is the primary concern related to the use of tetracyclines in children?
Risk of tooth discoloration
What is a unique characteristic of fungal cells compared to human cells?
Presence of ergosterol in the cell membrane
What is the primary mechanism of action of polyene antibiotics such as Amphotericin-B?
Binding to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane
Which antifungal drug is typically used topically for the treatment of oral candidiasis?
Clotrimazole
What is the antifungal spectrum of Amphotericin-B?
Broad-spectrum, effective against fungi and bacteria
What is the mechanism of action of Nystatin?
Binding to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane
What is the advantage of using topical antifungals for the treatment of oral candidiasis?
Topical antifungals have fewer side effects
What is the name of the fungal infection commonly caused by Candida albicans?
Candidiasis
What is unique about Candida albicans in relation to human flora?
It is normally commensal in humans
What is the characteristic of fungi that makes them similar to human cells?
Similar cell structure to human cells
What is the primary concern when using antifungal drugs?
Resistance development
What is a unique characteristic of ketamine compared to other IV-anesthetic agents?
It raises the blood pressure
What is the mechanism of action of ketamine?
Inhibition of the NMDA-receptors
What is a characteristic of thiopental?
It is a highly alkaline solution
What is the primary advantage of using ketamine in pediatric patients?
It has a low rate of adverse effects
What is a common adverse effect of etomidate?
Suppression of adrenal steroid production
What is the primary mechanism of termination of anesthesia?
Rapid redistribution of the drug from nervous tissues to other tissues
What is the main advantage of using Fospropofol over Propofol?
Less painful injection
What is the primary factor that determines the rate of diffusion of an inhaled anesthetic gas from the lung alveoli to the blood?
The partial pressure between the alveoli and blood
What is the minimum concentration of an anesthetic in the alveoli required to produce immobility in response to a painful stimulus in 50% of patients?
MAC
What is the main disadvantage of prolonged infusion of Propofol?
Prolonged anesthesia due to saturation of adipose tissue
Which of the following factors increases the MAC of an inhaled anesthetic?
Chronic alcoholism
What is the characteristic of Propofol that makes it a unique intravenous anesthetic agent?
Rapid induction and recovery
What is the rare but severe complication associated with prolonged infusion of Propofol?
Propofol-related infusion syndrome
What is the primary mechanism of elimination of inhaled anesthetics?
Exhalation via the lungs
Which of the following inhaled anesthetics is considered the prototype to which newer inhalation anesthetics are compared?
Halothane
What is the primary reason opioids are used in conjunction with inhalation agents?
To enhance the analgesic effect of the inhalation agent
What is the ideal characteristic of an anesthetic agent in terms of its shelf life?
It is stable over a range of temperatures and doesn't degrade with light
What is the primary use of inhalational anesthetics?
To maintain anesthesia after administration of an IV agent
What is the desirable characteristic of an ideal anesthetic agent in terms of its effect on cardiovascular functions?
It has a minimal effect on cardiovascular functions
What is the advantage of an ideal anesthetic agent in terms of its administration?
It is easy to administer and titrate
What is the primary mechanism by which NSAIDs cause gastric mucosal damage?
Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis
Which of the following is an adverse effect of NSAIDs on the central nervous system?
Seizure precipitation
What is the primary mechanism by which NSAIDs interact with diuretics?
Decreased diuretic effect
Which of the following is a pharmacokinetic concern with NSAIDs?
Prolonged half-life
What is the primary clinical use of NSAIDs?
Pain relief and anti-inflammatory therapy
What is the primary mechanism of elimination of propionic acid derivatives?
Hydroxylation in the liver followed by glucuronide conjugation
What is the primary concern when prescribing propionic acid derivatives to pregnant women?
Risk of fetal toxicity
What is the primary mechanism of action of propionic acid derivatives in producing anti-inflammatory effects?
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes
What is the primary therapeutic use of ibuprofen?
Simple analgesic and antipyretic
What is the primary characteristic of propionic acid derivatives in terms of their CNS side effects?
They are known to cause headache, dizziness, and blurring of vision
What is the effect of morphine on bronchi?
It releases histamine and causes bronchoconstriction.
What is the effect of morphine on the biliary tract?
It causes spasm of the sphincter of Oddi.
What is the effect of morphine on the urinary bladder?
It increases the tone of both the detrusor and sphincter.
What is the oral bioavailability of morphine?
1/6 to 1/4th of the parenterally administered drug.
What is the primary elimination pathway of morphine?
Hepatic glucuronide conjugation.
Which opioid receptor is ascribed to analgesia and respiratory depression?
μ (mu)
What is a common gastrointestinal effect of opioids?
Constipation
Which of the following opioids has a lower ceiling effect compared to morphine?
Buprenorphine
What is a characteristic of physical dependence related to opioids?
It is synonymous with addiction
What is a characteristic of respiratory depression caused by opioids?
It is a dose-dependent effect
What is the primary mechanism of action of competitive blockers at the neuromuscular junction?
They have affinity for the nicotinic (NM) cholinergic receptors but have no intrinsic activity.
Which of the following skeletal muscle relaxants is a direct-acting agent?
Dantrolene sodium
What is the primary difference between depolarizing and non-depolarizing blockers?
Depolarizing blockers have intrinsic activity at the nicotinic receptors, while non-depolarizing blockers do not.
Which of the following skeletal muscle relaxants is a centrally acting agent?
All of the above
What is the primary mechanism of action of non-depolarizing blockers in reducing muscle tone?
They bind to the nicotinic receptors and have no intrinsic activity.
Which of the following skeletal muscle relaxants is used as an anesthesia adjuvant?
Vecuronium
What is the primary advantage of using succinylcholine as a skeletal muscle relaxant?
It has a rapid onset of action.
Which of the following skeletal muscle relaxants is associated with the development of malignant hyperthermia?
Succinylcholine
What is the primary mechanism of action of centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants?
They act on the spinal cord to reduce muscle tone.
Which of the following skeletal muscle relaxants is used to treat muscle spasticity?
All of the above
This quiz covers the mechanism of action and pharmacologic effects of Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines, including their anxiolytic, hypnotic, and anesthetic effects.
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