Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following barbiturates is commonly used for euthanasia?
Which of the following barbiturates is commonly used for euthanasia?
Which anesthetic is a phencycline derivative and acts as an NMDA antagonist?
Which anesthetic is a phencycline derivative and acts as an NMDA antagonist?
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of using propofol as an anesthetic?
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of using propofol as an anesthetic?
Which of the following drugs is considered a carboxylate imidazole derivative and enhances GABA activity?
Which of the following drugs is considered a carboxylate imidazole derivative and enhances GABA activity?
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Which inhalant anesthetic is known for its rapid induction and short recovery time?
Which inhalant anesthetic is known for its rapid induction and short recovery time?
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of using barbiturates as anesthetics?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using barbiturates as anesthetics?
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Which of the following anesthetics is known for its rapid onset, short duration, and wide safety margin?
Which of the following anesthetics is known for its rapid onset, short duration, and wide safety margin?
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Which of the following anesthetics is considered "ultra-short-acting"?
Which of the following anesthetics is considered "ultra-short-acting"?
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Which of the following anesthetics can increase intracranial pressure and may be contraindicated in patients with head trauma?
Which of the following anesthetics can increase intracranial pressure and may be contraindicated in patients with head trauma?
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Which of the following anesthetics is known to induce apnea?
Which of the following anesthetics is known to induce apnea?
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Which anesthetic is a carboxylate imidazole derivative and enhances GABA activity?
Which anesthetic is a carboxylate imidazole derivative and enhances GABA activity?
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Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of using Barbiturates?
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of using Barbiturates?
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Which anesthetic has a rapid onset of action and short duration, with a wide safety margin?
Which anesthetic has a rapid onset of action and short duration, with a wide safety margin?
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Which of the following is NOT a common indication for the use of Barbiturates?
Which of the following is NOT a common indication for the use of Barbiturates?
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Which anesthetic is an NMDA antagonist and known for its ability to induce a cataleptic state?
Which anesthetic is an NMDA antagonist and known for its ability to induce a cataleptic state?
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Which inhalant anesthetic is metabolized by the lungs and can cause vasodialation and hypotension?
Which inhalant anesthetic is metabolized by the lungs and can cause vasodialation and hypotension?
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Which anesthetic is known for its rapid recovery time and is often considered less expensive than other inhalant anesthetics?
Which anesthetic is known for its rapid recovery time and is often considered less expensive than other inhalant anesthetics?
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Which of the following is an advantage of using Ketamine as an anesthetic?
Which of the following is an advantage of using Ketamine as an anesthetic?
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Which anesthetic is most commonly used for euthanasia?
Which anesthetic is most commonly used for euthanasia?
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Which anesthetic is a phenol derivative and directly stimulates GABA receptors?
Which anesthetic is a phenol derivative and directly stimulates GABA receptors?
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What is a key advantage of Etomidate as an anesthetic?
What is a key advantage of Etomidate as an anesthetic?
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Which of the following statements about Nitrous oxide is correct?
Which of the following statements about Nitrous oxide is correct?
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What primary concern is associated with the use of Ketamine in patients with compromised kidney function?
What primary concern is associated with the use of Ketamine in patients with compromised kidney function?
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What is a significant disadvantage of using Propofol as an anesthetic?
What is a significant disadvantage of using Propofol as an anesthetic?
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Which barbiturate is known for its use as a long-term anti-convulsant?
Which barbiturate is known for its use as a long-term anti-convulsant?
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What is a primary characteristic of Alfaxalone compared to other anesthetics?
What is a primary characteristic of Alfaxalone compared to other anesthetics?
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What common effect does isoflurane have on the cardiovascular system?
What common effect does isoflurane have on the cardiovascular system?
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Which type of anesthetic is characterized by minimal residual sedative effects and a rapid recovery time?
Which type of anesthetic is characterized by minimal residual sedative effects and a rapid recovery time?
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Which anesthetic is contraindicated in head trauma due to its potential to increase intracranial pressure?
Which anesthetic is contraindicated in head trauma due to its potential to increase intracranial pressure?
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What is a unique feature of Sevoflurane when compared to Isoflurane?
What is a unique feature of Sevoflurane when compared to Isoflurane?
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Study Notes
Barbiturates
- Bind GABA-A receptors, increasing chloride flow, depressing the central nervous system.
- Controlled substance.
- Indications: anesthesia, anticonvulsants, sedation/hypnosis, anti-anxiety, euthanasia.
- Disadvantages: low therapeutic index, cardiovascular (CV) and respiratory depression, perivascular necrosis.
- Types:
- Ultra-short acting (thiopental, methohexital)
- Short-acting (pentobarbital)
- Long-acting (phenobarbital)
- Primarily used for euthanasia.
- Phenobarbitals can be used for long-term management as an anticonvulsant.
Non-Barbiturates
- Etomidate:
- Carboxylate imidazole derivative.
- Enhances GABA activity.
- Minimal CV and respiratory depression.
- Disadvantages: ultra-short acting, muscle rigidity/twitching, potential rough recovery.
- Alfaxalone:
- Enhances GABA activity.
- Administered IV, titrated to effect.
- Advantages: rapid onset, short duration, short recovery.
Propofol
- Phenol derivative.
- Direct stimulation of GABA receptors.
- IV administration, titrated to effect
- Short duration and rapid onset
- Minimal residual sedative effects.
- Rapid recovery.
- Disadvantages: apnea, hypotension, short shelf-life, pain/muscle twitching, short duration.
Ketamine
- Phencyclidine derivative.
- NMDA antagonist.
- Peak action 1-2 minutes IV.
- Nervous system activation.
- Reflexes are maintained in animals, although muscle rigidity can occur.
- Avoid use in kidney-compromised animals, muscle rigidity is a concern.
- Advantages: short action, increased heart rate and vasoconstriction, cataleptic state (immobilization).
- Disadvantages: no reversal, apnea, ocular effects, potential muscle rigidity.
Inhalant Anesthetics
- Isoflurane:
- Metabolized by lungs.
- Rapid induction.
- Short recovery.
- Inexpensive.
- Vasodilation and hypotension.
- Respiratory and cardiovascular depression.
- No analgesia.
- Can increase intracranial pressure in head trauma patients—significant contraindication.
- Sevoflurane:
- Faster recovery than isoflurane.
- Metabolized by the liver.
- Can increase intracranial pressure in head trauma patients—significant contraindication.
- Nitrous Oxide:
- AKA laughing gas.
- MAC sparing (minimal alveolar concentration).
- Faster induction.
- Gravitates to gas-filled compartments.
- Contraindicated in patients with compromised lungs or gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
- When the anesthetic is discontinued, oxygen is diluted by nitrous oxide released from the body; oxygen must be given for 5–10 minutes after discontinuing nitrous oxide.
- Exists in liquid and gaseous states.
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Description
Explore the critical aspects of barbiturates and non-barbiturates in this quiz. Learn about their mechanisms, indications, types, and disadvantages. Understand their role in anesthesia, anticonvulsants, and more.
