Pharmacology Review Exam 3 Module 5 and 6
76 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary use of H1 Receptor Antagonists?

  • To treat BPH
  • To treat allergic rhinitis
  • To treat minor symptoms of allergy and the common cold (correct)
  • To treat GI obstruction

    • What is a common adverse effect of Diphenhydramine?

  • Increased appetite
  • Weight loss
  • Insomnia
  • Significant drowsiness (correct)

    • Why should Diphenhydramine be used cautiously in patients with asthma?

  • Because it can cause glaucoma
  • Because it can cause BPH
  • Because it can cause GI obstruction
  • Because it can exacerbate asthma symptoms (correct)

    • What is a contraindication of Diphenhydramine?

    <p>Hypersensitivity to the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be discontinued at least 4 days prior to skin allergy tests?

    <p>Diphenhydramine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential interaction between Diphenhydramine and Henbane?

    <p>Increased anticholinergic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should Beclomethasone be used with education?

    <p>To avoid thrush</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medication is Albuterol?

    <p>Short-acting beta-agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of fluticasone in treating seasonal allergic rhinitis?

    <p>It decreases local inflammation in the nasal passages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of using oxymetazoline for longer than 3 to 5 days?

    <p>Rebound congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of oxymetazoline in relieving nasal congestion?

    <p>It activates alpha-adrenergic receptors in the nasal passages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should patients with hypertension avoid using decongestants?

    <p>Decongestants can increase blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of codeine in relieving cough?

    <p>It raises the cough threshold in the CNS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients taking codeine avoid doing?

    <p>Avoiding activities that require alertness, such as driving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should patients be cautious when taking multiple cough remedies?

    <p>To avoid overdose from opioid cough remedies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of expectorants and mucolytics?

    <p>They help loosen and clear mucus from the airways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for using fluticasone?

    <p>Prior hypersensitivity to the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential interaction to be aware of when using fluticasone?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of chemoprophylaxis in TB patients?

    <p>To treat close contacts of patients recently infected with TB or those who are immunosuppressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of anticholinergics on the nervous system?

    <p>They block the parasympathetic nervous system, resulting in actions similar to those of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a patient do if they are in the red zone of their Asthma Action Plan?

    <p>Call their provider or go to the emergency room</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medications are used to treat Status asthmaticus?

    <p>Quick-relief medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of correct inhaler technique when using an MDI?

    <p>It ensures the medication is effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapy is used to reduce the viscosity of bronchial mucus in COPD patients?

    <p>Mucolytics and expectorants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tonicity in fluid balance?

    <p>To cause a change in water movement across a membrane due to osmotic forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fluid would be given to a patient with hypernatremia?

    <p>Hypotonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Albuterol in asthma treatment?

    <p>To relieve bronchospasm and facilitate mucus drainage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of inhaled Albuterol?

    <p>Tremor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Anticholinergics in causing bronchodilation?

    <p>Blocking the parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended method for clients to control dry mouth when taking Anticholinergics?

    <p>Sipping fluids and sucking on sugar-free hard candies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Beclomethasone in asthma treatment?

    <p>To reduce inflammation and prevent asthma attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of Beclomethasone on clients with diabetes?

    <p>Increased insulin dosage may be required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended administration time for Montelukast?

    <p>Before bedtime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Montelukast in asthma treatment?

    <p>Preventing airway edema and inflammation by blocking leukotriene receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a newer approach to treating asthma and COPD?

    <p>Monoclonal antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of oral Beta2 adrenergic agonists?

    <p>Tachycardia and angina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of fluticasone in treating seasonal allergic rhinitis?

    <p>Decreasing local inflammation in the nasal passages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of using oxymetazoline for longer than 3 to 5 days?

    <p>Rebound congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should patients with hypertension avoid using decongestants?

    <p>Because they can increase blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of codeine in relieving cough?

    <p>Raising the cough threshold in the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of Albuterol in asthma treatment?

    <p>Relieving bronchospasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of inhaled Albuterol?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients taking codeine avoid doing?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should patients be cautious when taking multiple cough remedies?

    <p>Because they can cause respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Anticholinergics in causing bronchodilation?

    <p>Blocking the parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of oxymetazoline in relieving nasal congestion?

    <p>Activating alpha-adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended method for clients to control dry mouth when taking Anticholinergics?

    <p>Sipping fluids and sucking on sugar-free hard candies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for using fluticasone?

    <p>Prior hypersensitivity to the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Beclomethasone in asthma treatment?

    <p>Reducing inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential interaction to be aware of when using fluticasone?

    <p>Concomitant use of ritonavir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of Beclomethasone on clients with diabetes?

    <p>Increased blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended administration time for Montelukast?

    <p>2 hours before exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of using intranasal corticosteroids?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Montelukast in asthma treatment?

    <p>Blocking leukotriene receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of oral Beta2 adrenergic agonists?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a newer approach to treating asthma and COPD?

    <p>Using monoclonal antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of H1 Receptor Antagonists in treating allergic rhinitis and the common cold?

    <p>To treat minor symptoms of allergy and the common cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential interaction between Diphenhydramine and other medications?

    <p>Increased sedation with CNS depressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should patients with narrow-angle glaucoma avoid using Diphenhydramine?

    <p>Due to increased risk of anticholinergic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Beclomethasone in treating allergic rhinitis?

    <p>To treat long-term symptoms of allergic rhinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important education point for patients using Beclomethasone?

    <p>To wash their mouth out to avoid thrush</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of using Diphenhydramine in children?

    <p>Paradoxical CNS stimulation and excitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should patients with BPH avoid using Diphenhydramine?

    <p>Due to increased risk of urinary retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Albuterol in treating allergic rhinitis and the common cold?

    <p>To treat bronchospasms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of Diphenhydramine on the skin?

    <p>Increased risk of photosensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential interaction between Diphenhydramine and herbal preparations?

    <p>Increased anticholinergic effects with Henbane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of chemoprophylaxis in TB patients?

    <p>To prevent TB infection in close contacts and immunosuppressed individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of anticholinergics on the nervous system?

    <p>They block the parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medications are used to treat Status asthmaticus?

    <p>Short and intermediate-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists, anticholinergics, and systemic corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of correct inhaler technique when using an MDI?

    <p>It determines the effectiveness of the medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapy is used to reduce the viscosity of bronchial mucus in COPD patients?

    <p>Mucolytics and expectorants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tonicity in fluid balance?

    <p>To determine the ability of a solution to cause a change in water movement across a membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fluid would be given to a patient with hypernatremia?

    <p>Hypotonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of anti-tubercular drugs?

    <p>To treat tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of blocking the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>It results in actions similar to those of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of long-term oxygen therapy in COPD patients?

    <p>To assist breathing and decrease mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Module 5: Drugs for Allergic Rhinitis and the Common Cold

    • Allergic rhinitis and common cold treatments:
      • Short-acting: Albuterol
      • Long-lasting: Steroids (e.g., Beclomethasone)
      • H1 Receptor Antagonists (e.g., Diphenhydramine)
      • Mast Cell Receptor Stabilizers
      • Intranasal Corticosteroids (e.g., Fluticasone)
      • Decongestants (e.g., Oxymetazoline)
      • Antitussives (e.g., Opioids, Codeine)
      • Expectorants and Mucolytics

    H1 Receptor Antagonists (Antihistamine)

    • Actions and use: Treat minor symptoms of allergy and common cold (e.g., sneezing, runny nose, tearing of eyes)
    • Adverse effects: Drowsiness, paradoxical CNS stimulation, anticholinergic effects (e.g., dry mouth, tachycardia, mild hypotension)
    • Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, BPH, narrow-angle glaucoma, gastrointestinal obstruction, asthma, hyperthyroidism
    • Education: Avoid activities requiring alertness, change positions slowly, avoid alcohol and CNS depressants

    Mast Cell Receptor Stabilizers

    • Actions and use: Anti-inflammatory, alternative to mild, persistent asthma or exercise-induced asthma
    • Example: Cromolyn

    Intranasal Corticosteroids

    • Actions and use: Treat seasonal allergic rhinitis
    • Adverse effects: Nasal irritation, epistaxis, systemic corticosteroid effects
    • Contraindications: Prior hypersensitivity
    • Education: Avoid concomitant use with intranasal decongestants, ritonavir, and licorice

    Decongestants

    • Actions and use: Activate alpha-adrenergic receptors, relieve nasal congestion
    • Adverse effects: Rebound congestion, minor stinging, dryness in nasal mucosa
    • Contraindications: Thyroid disorders, hypertension, diabetes, heart disease
    • Education: Use with caution with herbal supplements, St. John's Wort, and MAOIs

    Antitussives

    • Actions and use: Raise cough threshold in CNS
    • Adverse effects: GI distress, respiratory depression
    • Education: Avoid activities requiring alertness, change positions slowly, avoid alcohol and CNS depressants

    Beta Adrenergic Agonists

    • Actions and use: Relieve bronchospasm, facilitate mucus drainage, inhibit inflammatory chemical release
    • Adverse effects: Palpitations, headaches, throat irritation, tremor, nervousness, restlessness, tachycardia
    • Education: Observe for chest, jaw, or arm pain, palpitations, and notify provider if they occur

    Anticholinergics

    • Actions and use: Cause bronchodilation by blocking parasympathetic nervous system
    • Adverse effects: Dry mouth, tachycardia, angina
    • Education: Sip fluids, suck on sugar-free hard candies to control dry mouth

    Corticosteroids

    • Actions and use: Reduce inflammation, decrease frequency of asthma attacks
    • Adverse effects: Increased appetite, weight gain
    • Education: Monitor blood glucose, may need insulin dosage increase, taper slowly

    Leukotriene Modifiers

    • Actions and use: Prevent airway edema, inflammation by blocking leukotriene receptors
    • Adverse effects: Headache
    • Education: Take before bed, 2 hours before exercise, avoid taking with food

    Module 6: Fluid Balance, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base

    Tonicity

    • Definition: Ability of a solution to cause a change in water movement across a membrane due to osmotic forces
    • Types: Hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic

    Osmosis

    • Definition: Water moves from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration

    Hemostasis

    • Definition: Balance, back to normal

    Potassium and Magnesium

    • Importance: Good for the heart

    Crystalloids and Colloids

    • Definition: Types of fluids used for IV infusion
    • Examples: 0.45 NaCl (hypertonic), 0.9 NaCl (isotonic)

    Module 5: Drugs for Allergic Rhinitis and the Common Cold

    Short-acting and Long-acting Drugs

    • Albuterol: short-acting
    • Steroids: long-acting (e.g. Beclomethasone)
    • Importance of education: wash mouth out to avoid thrush

    H1 Receptor Antagonists (Antihistamine)

    • Actions: treat minor symptoms of allergy and the common cold (e.g. sneezing, runny nose, tearing of the eyes)
    • Use: often combined with an analgesic, decongestant, or expectorant in OTC cold and flu products
    • Adverse effects: significant drowsiness, paradoxical CNS stimulation and excitability, anticholinergic effects (e.g. dry mouth, tachycardia, mild hypotension)
    • Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the drug, BPH, narrow-angle glaucoma, gastrointestinal (GI) obstruction, asthma, hyperthyroidism
    • Education:
      • Drug-Drug interactions: use with CNS depressants, such as alcohol or opioids, increases sedation
      • Lab tests: discontinue 4 days prior to skin allergy tests to avoid false-negative results
      • Herbal/Food interactions: Henbane increases anticholinergic effects

    Mast Cell Receptor Stabilizers

    • Actions: anti-inflammatory, alternative to control mild, persistent asthma or exercise-induced asthma
    • Examples: Cromolyn

    Intranasal Corticosteroids

    • Actions: decrease local inflammation in nasal passages, reducing nasal stuffiness
    • Examples: Fluticasone (Flonase)
    • Adverse effects: nasal irritation, epistaxis, systemic corticosteroid adverse effects (e.g. hypertension, diabetes)
    • Contraindications: prior hypersensitivity to the drug
    • Education:
      • Drug-Drug interactions: concomitant use with intranasal decongestants increases risk of nasal irritation or bleeding
      • Use with caution with licorice, which may potentiate effects of corticosteroids

    Decongestants

    • Actions: activate alpha-adrenergic receptors, causing arterioles to constrict and relieve nasal congestion
    • Examples: Oxymetazoline (Visine L.R.)
    • Adverse effects: rebound congestion, minor stinging and dryness in nasal mucosa, systemic adverse effects (e.g. hypertension, diabetes)
    • Contraindications: thyroid disorders, hypertension, diabetes, heart disease
    • Education:
      • Use with caution with herbal supplements that have MAOI properties (e.g. St. John's Wort)
      • Avoid overdose, as there is no specific treatment

    Antitussives

    • Most effective: opioids (e.g. Codeine, Hydrocodone)
    • Actions: raise the cough threshold in the CNS
    • Adverse effects: GI distress, respiratory depression
    • Education:
      • Avoid activities that require alertness while taking Codeine
      • Change positions slowly and lie down if feeling dizzy
      • Avoid alcohol and other CNS depressants while taking Codeine

    Expectorants and Mucolytics

    • Actions: loosen and clear mucus from the lungs
    • Examples: Guaifenesin
    • Education:
      • Take with food and increase fluids and dietary fiber to avoid GI distress
      • Be careful with taking multiple medications at once, as overdose may cause respiratory depression

    Beta Adrenergic Agonists

    • Actions: relieve bronchospasm, facilitate mucus drainage, and inhibit release of inflammatory chemicals
    • Examples: Albuterol
    • Adverse effects: serious adverse effects are uncommon, but may include palpitations, headaches, throat irritation, tremor, nervousness, restlessness, and tachycardia
    • Education:
      • Observe for chest, jaw, or arm pain or palpitations and notify provider if they occur
      • Check pulse and report an increase of greater than 20 to 30 minutes
      • Avoid caffeine and take with food to reduce adverse effects

    Anticholinergics

    • Actions: block the parasympathetic nervous system, causing bronchodilation
    • Examples: Ipratropium
    • Education:
      • Sip fluids and suck on sugar-free hard candies to control dry mouth
      • Use with caution with herbal supplements that have MAOI properties (e.g. St. John's Wort)

    Methylxanthines

    • Actions: bronchodilation, diuretic, and cardiac effects
    • Examples: Theophylline

    Corticosteroids

    • Actions: reduce inflammation, decrease frequency of asthma attacks
    • Examples: Beclomethasone
    • Education:
      • Do not stop abruptly, taper slowly
      • Monitor blood glucose levels and adjust insulin dosage as needed
      • Report increased appetite and weight gain

    Leukotriene Modifiers

    • Actions: prevent airway edema and inflammation by blocking leukotriene receptors
    • Examples: Montelukast
    • Adverse effects: headache
    • Education:
      • Take before bed and 2 hours before exercise
      • Avoid taking with food

    Mast Cell Stabilizers

    • Actions: prevent release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells
    • Examples: Cromolyn

    Monoclonal Antibodies

    • Actions: attach to a specific receptor on a target cell or molecule
    • Examples: used for treating asthma and COPD

    Anti-tubercular Drugs

    • Categories: primary (first-line) and secondary (second-line) drugs
    • Chemoprophylaxis: initiated for close contacts of patients recently infected with TB or for those who are susceptible to infections due to immunosuppression

    Module 6: Fluid Balance, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base

    Tonicity and Osmolality

    • Tonicity: the ability of a solution to cause a change in water movement across a membrane due to osmotic forces
    • Osmolality: the concentration of solutes in a solution
    • Hemostasis: balance, returning to normal

    Crystalloids and Colloids

    • Crystalloids: solutions containing electrolytes (e.g. sodium, potassium, chloride)
    • Colloids: solutions containing larger molecules (e.g. proteins, starches)

    Fluid Therapy

    • Hypertonic solutions: increase water movement into the bloodstream
    • Isotonic solutions: maintain normal fluid balance
    • Hypotonic solutions: decrease water movement into the bloodstream
    • Examples: 0.45% NaCl (hypertonic), 0.9% NaCl (isotonic)

    Electrolyte Balance

    • Importance of potassium and magnesium for the heart
    • Hypernatremia: >145, treated with hypotonic fluids
    • Hyponatremia: <135, treated with isotonic or hypertonic fluids

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz reviews pharmacology for allergic rhinitis and the common cold, covering short-acting and long-lasting drugs, including steroids and H1 receptor antagonists.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser