Pharmacology: Allergic Reactions and Interactions

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Questions and Answers

What is the significance of the liver in drug metabolism?

It deactivates large portions of orally administered drugs. (correct)

It is the primary site for renal excretion of drugs.

It increases the distribution of unbound drugs in the bloodstream.

It enhances the bioavailability of drugs.

How should a nurse handle a situation where a client decides to refuse medication?

Inform the client of the potential consequences and communicate to healthcare providers (correct)

Respect the refusal without further discussion

Force the client to take the medication for their safety

Administer a smaller dose to avoid refusal

When should documentation of medication administration be completed?

Before the medication is administered

After giving the medication (correct)

After the medication has been prepared

Only if asked by a supervisor

Which of the following best describes drug bioavailability?

The percentage of administered drugs that reach systemic circulation. Signup and view all the answers

What role do plasma proteins play in drug distribution?

They help circulate drugs throughout the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary organ responsible for drug excretion?

Kidney Signup and view all the answers

How do weakly protein-bound drugs differ from highly protein-bound drugs?

They are less than 10% bound to proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the process of glomerular filtration?

It moves drugs from the blood to the urine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of free drugs in the body?

They are able to exit the blood vessel to reach their site of action. Signup and view all the answers

In relation to drug removal from the body, what does the term 'active transport' refer to?

The movement of organic acids and bases from blood to urine. Signup and view all the answers

What does the dose response relationship primarily illustrate?

The relationship between the size of an administered dose and the intensity of response produced. Signup and view all the answers

In the phases of the dose response curve, which phase indicates that further dose increases do not elicit additional response?

Phase 3 Signup and view all the answers

What defines the term 'maximal efficacy' in pharmacodynamics?

The largest effect that a drug can produce. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during Phase 2 of the dose response curve?

Responses increase proportionally with dose increments. Signup and view all the answers

How does affinity describe the interaction between a drug and its receptor?

As the strength of attraction between a drug and its receptor. Signup and view all the answers

What does intrinsic activity of a drug refer to?

The drug's capability to activate a receptor upon binding. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that response is proportional to the number of receptors occupied?

Single occupancy theory Signup and view all the answers

Relative potency of a drug is defined as:

The amount of drug needed to elicit an effect. Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the term 'PARTIAL FILL' in medication dispensing?

Dispensing a lesser quantity than specified in the prescription Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the 10 rights of medication administration?

Right diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

In the context of monitoring patients on drug therapy, which test is typically NOT performed?

Serum electrolytes Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'REFILL' mean in the context of medication dispensing?

Dispensing medication without requiring a new prescription Signup and view all the answers

What is a common mild allergic reaction characterized by itching?

Pruritus Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction is characterized by a severe and immediate allergic response?

Anaphylactic reaction Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the harmful effects of a drug resulting from an overdose?

Drug toxicity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a potentiating effect in drug interactions?

One or both drugs have an increased effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the physiological phenomenon where an increased dosage of a drug is needed to achieve the same therapeutic effect?

Drug tolerance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following natural sources provides Digoxin?

Digitalis purpurea Signup and view all the answers

Which reaction is characterized by decreased effects of one or both drugs?

Inhibiting effect Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is derived from an animal product?

Heparin Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Allergic Reactions

Allergic reactions are immunologic responses to drugs, which may vary in severity.
Anaphylactic reactions are severe and often manifest immediately after drug administration.
Common mild allergic reactions include:
- Pruritus (itching)
- Rhinitis
- Angioedema
- Wheezing (during exhalation)
- Stridor (during inhalation)
- Nausea (vomiting)
- Skin rash

Drug Interactions

Drug interactions can occur as:
- Drug-to-drug interactions: Effects may be potentiating (increased effect) or inhibiting (decreased effect).
Potentiating effect demonstrates that the response of one or both drugs is amplified.
Inhibiting effect indicates that one of the drugs reduces the effect of the other.

Drug Toxicity

Drug toxicity results from overdose, use of external drugs internally, or accumulation due to impaired metabolism or excretion.

Drug Tolerance

Drug tolerance occurs when a drug elicits a weaker response, necessitating higher doses to achieve the same therapeutic effect.
First-pass effect: A significant portion of orally administered drugs is metabolized in the liver, reducing bioavailability.

Drug Metabolism and Excretion

Bioavailability is the percentage of administered drug available for activity after metabolism.
Drug distribution involves drug movement from blood to target tissues, facilitated by protein binding.
Plasma proteins like albumin and lipoproteins play crucial roles in drug distribution.
Kidneys are the primary organs for drug excretion, with processes including:
- Glomerular filtration (moves unbound drugs to urine).
- Passive reabsorption (lipid-soluble drugs re-enter blood).
- Active transport (involves tubular pumps for organic compounds).

Pharmacodynamics

Key to ensuring effective medication education, clinical decision-making, and drug effect evaluation.
Binding with receptors allows drugs to mimic or block actions of endogenous compounds.
Drugs do not impart new cellular functions, rather they modify existing processes.

Dose-Response Relationship

Illustrates the relationship between the administered dose and the resultant intensity of response.
Dose response curve phases:
- Phase 1: Low doses, minimal response.
- Phase 2: Dose increments lead to increased responses.
- Phase 3: Further dose increments yield no additional response.

Drug Receptor Interaction Theories

Single Occupancy Theory: Response intensity correlates with the number of occupied receptors.
Modified Occupancy Theory: Multiple drugs can occupy the same receptor, producing varying effects.

Administration and Safety

Adherence to the "10 rights" of medication administration ensures safety:
- Right patient
- Right drug
- Right dose
- Right route
- Right rate
- Right time
- Right evaluation
- Right client education
- Right documentation
- Right to refuse
Monitoring includes checking serum drug levels and liver function tests and may require dose adjustments.

Medication Errors

Can occur during prescribing, dispensing, or administration stages.
Common prescription errors include inappropriate drug choice, calculation errors, and therapeutic duplication.

Importance of Client Education

Proper education enables the patient to understand medication use, effects, and potential side effects, fostering compliance and safety.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts related to allergic reactions, including various types of immunologic responses to drugs. It also covers important drug interactions, focusing on drug-to-drug interactions and their potential effects. Test your knowledge on how allergic reactions can influence medication administration and patient safety.