Pharmacology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is not a therapeutic effect of Cannabidiol (CBD)?

  • Antiemetic
  • Appetite stimulant
  • Anti-inflammatory (correct)
  • Analgesic

    • Which of the following is NOT a textbook recommended for the study of pharmacology?

  • Pharmacology for Health Care Professionals
  • Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
  • Rang & Dale's Pharmacology
  • Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (correct)

    • How many medicines are typically included in a formulary?

  • 500
  • 6000
  • Unknown, the text does not specify
  • 1500 (correct)

    • What is the primary psychoactive cannabinoid found in cannabis?

    <p>Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a chemical compound?

    <p>Water (H2O) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What naturally-occurring compound is aspirin derived from?

    <p>Salicin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a medicine based on the examples provided in the text?

    <p>Water (H2O) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the branch of pharmacology that focuses on the study of drugs in humans?

    <p>Clinical Pharmacology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these represents the smallest unit of measurement commonly used for drug dosage?

    <p>Micrograms (µg) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why the chemical name of a drug is not commonly used for prescribing?

    <p>The chemical name is too complex for easy understanding and use. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the non-active ingredients in a drug formulation?

    <p>Excipients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text identify as the official source for drug information?

    <p>The British National Formulary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was not mentioned as a potential therapeutic use of Cannabidiol (CBD)?

    <p>Treatment of Parkinson's disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Choose the correct statement about medicines, based on the text.

    <p>The text primarily discusses the nature and variety of medicines, highlighting the importance of understanding their components and definitions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the word 'pharmakon' mean in Greek?

    <p>Poison (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of pharmacological therapy?

    <p>To alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which drugs exert their effects?

    <p>Binding to specific receptors within cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process by which a drug is released from its formulation and becomes available to the body?

    <p>Liberation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors influences how a drug reaches its target site?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the specific molecule within a drug that is responsible for its pharmacological effect?

    <p>Active ingredient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor determining how a drug reaches its target site in the body?

    <p>The chemical properties of the drug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process by which a drug is broken down in the body?

    <p>Metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor considered when determining the appropriate dosage regimen for a drug?

    <p>The cost of the drug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a drug that is chemically identical to the original drug?

    <p>Generic drug (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process by which a drug is removed from the body?

    <p>Elimination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the inactive ingredients added to a drug formulation?

    <p>Excipient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about drugs is incorrect?

    <p>All xenobiotics are drugs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for a drug when it is marketed and sold by a pharmaceutical company?

    <p>Trade name (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sources of drugs refers to a drug made in a laboratory?

    <p>Synthetic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reliable source of information about drugs?

    <p>British National Formulary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does "pKa" refer to in the context of drug properties?

    <p>The acidity or alkalinity of the drug (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a therapeutic goal of pharmacological therapy?

    <p>To increase the body's natural defenses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct British name for the drug "epinephrine"?

    <p>Adrenaline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a semisynthetic drug?

    <p>Amoxycillin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the official online database for drug information in Malta?

    <p>Maltese Formulary List (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a drug that derives from an animal source?

    <p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these processes is primarily responsible for converting paracetamol into its active form?

    <p>Metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The paracetamol tablets are taken with 250 mls of water. What is the primary reason for this?

    <p>To increase the rate of absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which of the following phases does paracetamol undergo both liberation and absorption?

    <p>When paracetamol passes from the stomach into the small intestine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs plays a crucial role in both absorption and metabolism of paracetamol?

    <p>Liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the hepatic portal vein in the context of paracetamol absorption?

    <p>To transport paracetamol directly to the liver for metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)

    Primary psychoactive cannabinoid found in cannabis.

    Cannabidiol (CBD)

    Cannabinoid with therapeutic effects like pain relief and appetite stimulation.

    Pharmacology

    Study of drugs and their interactions with living systems.

    Clinical Pharmacology

    Study of drugs in humans, including patients and volunteers.

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    Therapeutics

    Use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, and treat illness.

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    Excipients

    Inactive substances used as vehicle for active pharmaceutical ingredients.

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    Panadol (Paracetamol)

    Common pain relief drug containing various excipients.

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    Penicillin

    Antibiotic discovered from mold that kills bacteria.

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    Originator vs Generic Formulations

    Comparison of branded drugs to their generic counterparts; efficacy is usually equal.

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    Liberation

    The process by which a drug is released from its dosage form in the body.

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    Absorption

    The process by which the drug enters the bloodstream after liberation.

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    Metabolism

    The chemical process by which the body transforms a drug into active or inactive substances.

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    Hepatic portal vein

    The vein that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver.

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    Paracetamol

    A common pain reliever and fever reducer taken in tablet form.

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    What is Pharmacology?

    The study of drugs and their effects on the body.

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    Types of Medicine Names

    Medicines have a chemical name, generic name, and brand name.

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    Chemical Compounds in Medicines

    Medicines are formed from elements that combine into compounds.

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    How Many Medicines Exist?

    Approximately 6000 manufactured, 1500 in formularies, 500 on WHO lists.

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    Medicines in a Formulary

    A formulary typically contains around 1500 medicines.

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    Essential Medicines List

    The WHO Essential Medicines List contains about 500 critical medicines.

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    Understanding Drug Properties

    Drug properties are related to their chemical structure and interactions in the body.

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    Generic name

    The official non-proprietary name given to a drug.

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    Trade name

    The brand name of a drug marketed by a company.

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    Xenobiotics

    Chemical compounds introduced from outside the body.

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    Pharmacological therapy goals

    Objectives in drug treatment: treat, prevent, mimic, diagnose.

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    British National Formulary (BNF)

    A reliable source for drug guidelines in the UK.

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    Sources of drugs

    Drugs can come from natural, inorganic, synthetic, and biotech sources.

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    Inorganic drugs

    Drugs derived from non-organic compounds, e.g., arsenic trioxide.

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    Biotechnology drugs

    Drugs produced using biological sources, such as biosimilars.

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    Semi-synthetic drugs

    Drugs modified from natural compounds, e.g., amoxicillin.

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    Chiral center in drugs

    A carbon atom in a molecule with four different groups, affecting drug activity.

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    3D Structure of Medicines

    Medicines interact with body receptors based on their three-dimensional arrangement.

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    Lock and Key Mechanism

    The process by which a medicine (key) fits into a specific receptor (lock) in cells.

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    Receptor

    A specific protein on a cell where drugs bind to produce an effect.

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    Active Ingredient

    The component in a medicine that produces its therapeutic effect.

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    Dosage Regimen

    The schedule or method of administering a drug (how often and how much).

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    Pharmacological Effect

    The change in physiological function caused by a drug interacting with its target receptors.

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    Formulation

    The combination of active ingredients and excipients that make up a medicine.

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    Vehicle (Excipients)

    Inactive substances used to deliver the active ingredient in a drug.

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    Generic vs. Originator Product

    Generic is the copy, often cheaper; originator is the patented original drug.

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    Study Notes

    Fundamental Concepts of Pharmacology

    • The presentation is about fundamental concepts of pharmacology.
    • The presenter is Professor Janet Mifsud from the Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics at the University of Malta.
    • Key websites for the department and its related information are provided.
    •  The department teaches various pharmacology units to over 500 students annually. It also teaches Pharmacotoxicology, Medication safety and Effectiveness Research methods.
    • The department also offers Masters and Doctoral level research degrees in Molecular Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.
    •  The department collaborates with Mater Dei Hospital, Caritas Malta Epilepsy Association, and the University of Helsinki.

    Textbooks

    • Assigned textbooks include:
      • Rang & Dale's Pharmacology (2019, 9th Ed., Churchill Livingstone)
      • British National Formulary
      • Pharmacology for Health Care Professionals (Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN978-0-470-51017-9)
      • Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (2017, 13th Ed., McGraw-Hill)

    Overview

    • Understanding the nature of drugs and medicines
    • Definition of pharmacology as a scientific discipline
    • Identifying reliable sources of drug information
    • Basics of drug nomenclature, structure, and their effects on the body

    What are Medicines?

    • A broad overview of the subject.

    What is in a Medicine?

    • Elements
    • Chemical compounds
    • Examples like water (H2O), glucose (C6H1206), calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3)

    Are These Medicines?

    • Identifying chemical compounds as or not medicines
    • Examples of chemical compounds like glucose and water that are not medicines.

    How many Medicines are there?

    • Estimated figures for the number of manufactured medicines
    • There are about 6000 medicines on the market.
    • Formulary lists and WHO Essential Medicine Lists contain about 1500 and 500 medicines respectively.

    How do you Remember all those Names?

    • Importance of generic names, nonproprietary names, and chemical names

    A Medicine generally has Three Names

    • Chemical name: complete chemical structure or code
    • Code/manufacturer name: convenience and simplicity (RO 151788, later named flumazenil).
    • Nonproprietary name: international nonproprietary name (INN) in all WHO member countries, accepted by a competent body.

    A Medicine generally has 3 Categories of Names:

    • Proprietary names: Brand names assigned by manufacturers (e.g, Panadol).
    • In a clinical setting in Malta, the generic nonproprietary name will be used.

    How do you remember all those names?

    • Generic names and examples of beta blockers (olol) and NSAIDs (fen)

    How do we Match Medicines/Drugs to Persons?

    • The differences between patient demographics (gender, age, height, weight, etc), and ethnicity influence how drugs are metabolized.

    Why do Medicines Act Differently in Different Persons?

    • Genetic factors (pharmacogenetics): DNA affects drug response
    • Physiological factors: diet and body mass index (BMI)
    • Environmental factors: water contaminants and exposure to chemicals

    Pharmacology vs Pharmacy

    • Pharmacology focuses on the science of medicines and their effects on the human body.
    • Pharmacy focuses on the preparation and dispensing of drugs.

    Where do Medicines Come From?

    • Pharmacy
    • Laboratories
    • Nature/natural sources (medicinal plants)

    Drugs vs Medicines

    • Distinction between drugs and medicines.

    Opium Poppy

    • Historical use in the 1800s
    • Cultivated widely in many countries, including Malta, by the British.

    Opium use in 19th and early 20th centuries

    • Historical overview and images of opium products.

    Different Routes of Administration: Drug Formulations

    • Different ways drugs are administered (e.g., oral, intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous, topical).
    • Routes are linked to factors like first-pass metabolism and speed of action.

    Opioids: Morphine and Heroin

    • Chemical structures of morphine, heroin (diamorphine), and codeine are provided.

    Cannabis

    • Contains over 104 cannabinoids.
    • Two with pharmacological properties are identified and their possible therapeutic effects (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), and cannabidiol (CBD)).

    Other medicines from nature

    • Willow tree and aspirin. Aspirin is derived from salicin naturally occurring compound.

    Penicillin

    • Alexander Fleming's discovery
    • Saved millions of lives in WW2.

    What do We Aim for in Pharmacological Therapy?

    • Aims and objectives of pharmacological treatment.
    • Overview of the origins of pharmacology (greek word pharmakon and poison).
    • Study of physical and chemical properties of drugs.
    • Understanding of biochemistry and physiological effects.
    • Study of drugs in human subjects.
    • Use of drugs to diagnose, prevent and treat illness. Use in pregnancy.

    What Makes a Medicine Different from Other Chemical Compounds?

    • Introduction to the topic including the focus on constipation and medicine.
    • Examples of natural laxatives presented.

    What do We Aim for in Pharmacological Therapy? (eg. Constipation)

    • Presented with images of food products that help for constipation.
    • Examples of medicines for constipation.

    What do We Aim for in Pharmacological Therapy (Drugs are usually administered in small quantities)?

    • Explains why drugs are administered in small quantities, using examples like milligrams (mg) and micrograms (mcg), and formulation with excipients (vehicle).

    Panadol Excipients

    • Lists components of Panadol as a medicine for pain relief.

    Originator vs Generic Formulations: Equal or not Equal?

    • Distinguishes between originator and generic formulations.
    • Discusses whether originator and generic formulations are equal or not equal.

    Generic vs Originator?

    • Comparison of various medicines and their generic versus originator forms.

    Nomenclature

    • Trade names, British names vs. American names, examples of different names for the same drug (e.g., adrenaline vs. epinephrine; lidocaine vs. lignocaine)

    What do We Aim for In Pharmacological Therapy?

    • Drugs as xenobiotics
    • Drugs change certain biological functions by being used to treat disease, prevent the ill effect, mimicking endogenous substances, and for the diagnosis of illness.

    Information about Drugs...Reliable Sources

    • Lists reliable sources for drug information.

    Information about Drugs...BNF

    • The British National Formulary (BNF)
    •  List of contents including how to use the BNF, guidance on prescribing, emergency supply of medicines etc...

    Maltese Government Formulary List

    • Detailed information about the list
    • List of contents as examples

    Information about Drugs...Martindale

    • Information about the Martindale.

    Information about Drugs...British Pharmacopoeia

    • Information about the British Pharmacopoeia.

    Information about Drugs...MedlinePlus

    • Information and description about MedlinePlus

    European Medicines Agency (EMA)

    • Details on the EMA, including launch date and features of the new corporate website.

    Malta Medicines Authority

    • Information about the Malta Medicines Authority.

    Sources of Drugs

    • Natural sources (e.g., animal insulin)
    • Inorganic sources (e.g., minerals, acids)
    • Synthetic sources (e.g., manufactured drugs)
    • Semisynthetics (modified versions)
    • Biotechnology/biosimilars (e.g., human insulin, infliximab)

    Other Sources of Drugs

    • Further explanation of the sources and types of drugs including details for biotech/biosimilars

    Metabolism of Aspirin

    • Phase 1 and Phase 2 metabolism of aspirin with chemical structures.

    Metabolism

    • The chemical process in the body for a drug.
    • Identifying the factors that influence the metabolism of drugs.
    • Examples like age, gender, ethnicity, condition, and diet.
    • Explaining the metabolism of paracetamol, showing the conjugation mechanisms.

    The Ideal Drug

    • What are the ideal properties of the ideal medication?
    • Explaining the properties such as effectiveness, safety, selectivity, reversibility, and predictability.
    • Addressing the points of what would be the ideal drug's properties and the importance of minimal harm.
    • Addressing any issues relating to cost.
    • Addressing chemical structure stability, generic names.

    Aim of drug therapy

    • The objective of drug therapy to maximize benefit and minimize harm. Includes details about response intensity.

    Summary

    • Promoting desired effects and minimizing adverse effects, through understanding PK/PD, sources of individual variations and genetics.
    • Explaining the non-ideal properties of medication and the necessity of tailoring medication to the specific patient.

    PK compartment models

    • Illustrates the different sections that drugs go through when in the human body.
    •  Includes detailed areas that drugs go through.

    Pharmacodynamics: PD

    • The effects that the drug has on the body, and the process for determining relationship between these effects and dosage.
    • Explaining pharmacodynamics in its relation to the lock and key mechanism.

    PK/PD from drug to patient

    • Illustrates multiple aspects that affect PK/PD from prescribed dose to patient response. Including factors that cause individual variations

    How do we measure PK?

    • Explains how drug measurement by blood and plasma extraction happens in the lab.
    • Explains how to model PK; time-course graphs and half-life measures.

    Half-life in PK

    • The length of time it takes for blood levels of a drug to decrease by half with time and elimination.
    • Explaining conditions that influence the half-life; including overweight, children, elderly, renal failure, or liver failure conditions, and smoking.

    Designing Multiple Drug Dosage Regimens

    • How to administer multiple doses; accumulation, principle of superimposition, and different doses.
    • Explanation of how to administer repeated dosages to achieve steady state concentrations.

    Steady state and dosage regimens

    • Factors affecting dosages by explaining how steady state is achieved and how it relates to drug elimination.
    • Describes how multiple doses are administered in context of steady-state concentrations.

    So which dosage regimen is best?

    • A review of different dosage regimens and their individual effects.
    • Graph for comparing different dosage regimen types, 2x daily, 3x daily, and 6x daily.

    Which dosage regimen is best?

    • The analysis of the best dosage regimen in relation to time plot graphs

    Different routes of administration and Cpss

    • Shows and describes the influence by different administration routes.

    Metabolism

    • Describes the various tasks undertaken by the body in relation to the metabolic breakdown of drugs.

    Metabolism of aspirin

    • Explains the phase 1 and phase 2 mechanisms involving chemical structural alterations.

    Metabolism of paracetamol

    • Shows the chemical structure alterations of paracetamol and the different conjugates that it forms.

    Factors that influence metabolism

    • Presenting with factors that affect drug metabolism, like age, gender, species, ethnicity and physiological conditions.

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