Pharmacology Revision Cards
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Questions and Answers

What is a significant risk associated with polypharmacy in older adults?

  • Enhanced cognitive function
  • Reduction in medication costs
  • Increased risk of drug-drug interactions (correct)
  • Improved medication efficacy

    • Which of the following factors is NOT impacted by aging in pharmacokinetics?

  • Renal function
  • Skin elasticity (correct)
  • Gastric emptying time
  • Lean muscle mass

    • Why is it important to simplify medication regimens for older adults?

  • To increase the number of medications prescribed
  • Due to potential cognitive impairment (correct)
  • To enhance the flavor of medications
  • To reduce the costs of prescriptions

    • What should be regularly reviewed to address polypharmacy in older patients?

    <p>Patient's medication regimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended approach when prescribing controlled substances to elderly patients?

    <p>Exhibiting extra vigilance due to misuse risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is authorized to handle controlled drugs?

    <p>Prescribers and pharmacists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information must be recorded in the controlled drug register?

    <p>Date of activity and signature of the handler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines pharmacokinetic interactions between drugs?

    <p>Alterations in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of a drug caused by another drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the required method of destruction for controlled drugs?

    <p>Incineration or returning to the supplier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes bioavailability?

    <p>The fraction of the administered dose of a drug that reaches systemic circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the transportation of controlled drugs, what is essential?

    <p>A locking container must be used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does high blood flow have on drug absorption?

    <p>It increases the absorption of the drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who must witness the destruction of Schedule 2 drugs?

    <p>Another authorized person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the distribution of drugs is true?

    <p>Blood flow affects how quickly drugs are distributed in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the chain of custody during transportation of controlled drugs?

    <p>Each individual handling the drugs must sign and document the transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a synergistic effect of drugs?

    <p>Two drugs work together to produce a greater overall effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a prescriber's primary responsibility regarding controlled drugs?

    <p>To ensure patient needs legitimate medical reasons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which schedule of drugs requires destruction to be documented by an authorized witness?

    <p>Schedule 2 drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT associated with drug metabolism?

    <p>Duration of patient stay in a healthcare facility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does pH and ionization affect drug absorption?

    <p>The pH of the drug environment affects the degree of ionization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of documentation is required during the transport of controlled drugs?

    <p>Records detailing drugs, quantity, and destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does medicine optimization primarily focus on?

    <p>Ensuring best therapeutic outcomes through appropriate prescribing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a goal of medicine optimization?

    <p>Maximize the use of polypharmacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patient-centered care, which factor is emphasized?

    <p>Understanding the patient's preferences and lifestyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ongoing monitoring in medication management?

    <p>To regularly review treatment effectiveness and side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the process of tapering or discontinuing unnecessary medications?

    <p>Deprescribing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patient education is crucial for which aspect of medication management?

    <p>Ensuring adherence to therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can patient satisfaction be improved in medication management?

    <p>By involving patients more in their treatment process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method to minimize risks in medication use?

    <p>Regularly reviewing patients' medication regimens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of effective medication management?

    <p>Reduced hospital admissions due to adverse drug events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is essential for enhancing adherence to therapy?

    <p>Providing patients with clear information about their treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Phase II conjugation in drug metabolism?

    <p>To enhance water solubility of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes first-pass metabolism?

    <p>It metabolizes a drug in the liver before it reaches systemic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors can lead to a decrease in a drug's half-life?

    <p>Increased metabolism rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which small, unbound drugs are eliminated from the bloodstream?

    <p>Glomerular filtration in the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about clearance is correct?

    <p>Clearance indicates how quickly a drug is removed from the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In relation to adverse drug reactions (ADRs), Type B reactions are characterized by what feature?

    <p>They are immune-mediated and often unpredictable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may result from a larger volume of distribution (Vd) of a drug?

    <p>Increased half-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence the clearance of a drug?

    <p>Drug's molecular weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route is NOT commonly utilized for drug excretion?

    <p>Tears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmacology Revision Cards

    • Pharmacology is the study of drugs, their effects on living organisms, and how they interact with biological systems.
    • Focus areas include drug actions, therapeutic effects, side effects, drug interactions, and new medication development.
    • Drug classification can be therapeutic (based on effects), pharmacologic (mechanism of action), or chemical (based on structure).
    • Routes of drug administration include oral (PO), intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), topical, and inhalation.
    • Receptors are protein molecules where drugs bind to produce effects.
    • Agonists activate receptors, antagonists block them, and partial agonists produce a submaximal response.
    • The therapeutic index is the ratio of toxic dose (TD50) to therapeutic dose (ED50), indicating a drug's safety.
    • Side effects are predictable, often non-harmful effects, while adverse reactions are unintended harmful effects requiring dose adjustment.
    • Allergic reactions involve immune responses causing symptoms like rashes or swelling.
    • Pharmacokinetic interactions alter drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion.
    • Pharmacodynamic interactions involve one drug enhancing or inhibiting another's effect at the receptor level.

    Pharmacokinetics Revision Cards

    • Pharmacokinetics studies how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs.
    • Absorption is the process by which a drug enters the bloodstream.
    • Factors affecting absorption include route of administration, solubility (lipid-soluble drugs cross membranes easily), and blood flow.
    • Bioavailability is the fraction of a drug dose reaching systemic circulation.
    • IV administration has 100% bioavailability and oral administration has less than 100% due to first-pass liver metabolism.
    • Distribution is the process of transporting a drug throughout the body to its site of action.
    • Factors influencing distribution include blood flow, plasma protein binding, and tissue affinity.
    • Metabolism is the chemical alteration of a drug in the body, primarily in the liver.
    • Phases include functionalization (e.g., oxidation) and conjugation (e.g., glucuronidation) to increase water-solubility.
    • First-pass metabolism occurs when a drug is metabolized in the liver before reaching systemic circulation.
    • Half-life (t1/2) is the time it takes for a drug concentration in the bloodstream to decrease by half.

    Pharmaco-therapeutics Revision Cards

    • Pharmaco-therapeutics is the use of drugs to treat diseases and applying pharmacological principles in clinical practice.
    • Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are unintended, harmful reactions at normal therapeutic doses.
    • Types of ADRs include Type A (augmented), Type B (bizarre), Type C (chronic), Type D (delayed), and Type E (end of treatment).
    • Reporting ADRs is crucial for identifying new, rare, or long-term side effects, preventing harm, and supporting regulatory bodies.
    • Methods for reporting ADRs include using the Yellow Card Scheme (UK) or similar systems, reporting through healthcare providers, or online platforms.
    • Inverted Black Triangle drugs are closely monitored for additional safety concerns.
    • Concerns about drug safety include unpredictable or serious adverse effects, substandard or incorrect formulations, drug interactions, non-compliance by patients, and over-prescription or misuse.
    • Whistleblowing in healthcare involves reporting unsafe practices that could harm patients or the public.

    Controlled Drugs (CDs) Revision Cards

    • Controlled drugs (CDs) are categorized based on their potential for misuse or harm.
    • Classification in the UK is based on their potential for abuse and therapeutic use.
    • Schedules 1 to 5 differ in their potential for abuse and legitimate medical uses.
    • Legal requirements for prescribing CDs include written prescriptions, specific prescription forms, and appropriate storage and handling.
    • Safe storage and secure handling of CDs are essential.
    • Destruction requirements for CDs must be witnessed and recorded.

    Pharmaco-therapeutics Revision Cards

    • Prescribing controlled drugs requires adherence to legal regulations.
    • Prescribers must ensure a patient's legitimate need for the drugs.
    • Patients must be monitored appropriately.
    • Prescriptions must specify the correct dose, formulation, and quantity.

    Electronic Prescribing (e-Prescribing)

    • Electronic prescribing reduces errors, improves communication, and enhances medication safety.
    • Features include patient identification, drug selection, and an audit trail.

    Prescribing for Children

    • Weight-based dosing is important for children.
    • Formulations suitable for children (e.g., liquids) should be used.
    • Legal requirements for prescribing for children may vary.

    Prescribing for Older Adults

    • Older adults may have different pharmacokinetic characteristics affecting drug efficacy and safety.
    • Polypharmacy is a major concern for older adults.
    • Increased risk of drug-drug interactions is a major issue.
    • Cognitive impairment requires simplifying dosages.

    Adverse Drug Reactions and Yellow Card Reporting

    • Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are unintended responses to medication.
    • Types include predictable (Type A), unpredictable (Type B), chronic (Type C), delayed (Type D), and end-of-treatment (Type E).
    • Reporting ADRs can improve medication safety.

    Key Principles of Medicine Optimization

    • Patient-centered care is essential.
    • Appropriate medication choice with minimal risk is needed.
    • Adherence to the prescribed regimen should be encouraged.
    • Risks of adverse effects and drug-drug interactions must be minimized.
    • Ongoing monitoring and adjustments to treatment are important.
    • The 4 pillars of medicine optimization involve informed decisions, effective medicines, safe and appropriate use, and adherence.
    • Benefits of medicine optimization include improved outcomes, cost-effectiveness, improved patient satisfaction, and reduced hospital admissions due to drug-related events.

    Deprescribing

    • Deprescribing is the process of tapering or discontinuing medications that are no longer needed or beneficial.
    • It's crucial for patients taking multiple medications, aging patients, or those with deteriorating health.
    • Steps involve identifying inappropriate medications, assessing risks and benefits, consulting with the patient, tapering/discontinuing the medication, and monitoring for effects.
    • Benefits include reduced medication burden, improved quality of life, cost savings, and improved adherence.
    • Prescriptions require the prescriber's details, patient information, drug details, dosage, frequency, and duration.
    • Abbreviations used in prescriptions should be clear and consistent.
    • Detailed storage requirements exist for controlled substances (CDs).

    Documentation Revision Cards & Documentation

    • Accurate, clear, and timely documentation is essential for patient safety and legal protection.
    • Documentation includes patient history, assessments, treatment plans, progress notes, medications, and discussions.
    • Standardized terminology and formats should be used.
    • Principles such as accuracy, clarity, timeliness, legibility, confidentiality, and ownership must be followed.

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    Pharmacology Revision Cards PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts in pharmacology, including drug actions, classifications, routes of administration, and receptor interactions. It also discusses the therapeutic index, side effects, and drug interactions which are crucial for safe medication use. Test your understanding of pharmacological principles and their applications in healthcare.

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