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Questions and Answers
What is meant by the term 'generic name' in pharmacology?
What is meant by the term 'generic name' in pharmacology?
- The name assigned to a drug by its manufacturer
- A name that describes the chemical composition of a drug
- The name given to a drug approved by health authorities (correct)
- The name used in pharmacology research studies
Which dosage form is absorbed the fastest in the body?
Which dosage form is absorbed the fastest in the body?
- Tablets
- Liquid solutions (correct)
- Enteric-coated tablets
- Capsules
What differentiates enteric-coated tablets from other forms?
What differentiates enteric-coated tablets from other forms?
- They dissolve in the stomach, providing immediate absorption
- They are absorbed in the intestinal tract due to their coating (correct)
- They have a longer expiration date
- They require a higher dosage than regular tablets
How do combination drugs function in pharmacology?
How do combination drugs function in pharmacology?
What does the acronym 'SR' stand for regarding drug delivery systems?
What does the acronym 'SR' stand for regarding drug delivery systems?
What is a characteristic of thin-film drug delivery systems?
What is a characteristic of thin-film drug delivery systems?
How does time-release technology affect the release of drugs into the bloodstream?
How does time-release technology affect the release of drugs into the bloodstream?
What happens to a drug when it is delivered in a solid dosage form, such as a tablet?
What happens to a drug when it is delivered in a solid dosage form, such as a tablet?
What describes a competitive antagonist?
What describes a competitive antagonist?
What is one of the expected outcomes of therapy?
What is one of the expected outcomes of therapy?
Which term refers to a patient condition that makes medication use dangerous?
Which term refers to a patient condition that makes medication use dangerous?
Which of the following is a result of additive effects?
Which of the following is a result of additive effects?
What happens during synergistic effects?
What happens during synergistic effects?
Which scenario describes antagonistic effects?
Which scenario describes antagonistic effects?
What is the potential outcome of drug interactions?
What is the potential outcome of drug interactions?
What does incompatibility refer to in pharmacology?
What does incompatibility refer to in pharmacology?
Which option correctly describes the first-pass effect in drug metabolism?
Which option correctly describes the first-pass effect in drug metabolism?
What should be monitored when a patient is prescribed a medication known for toxicity?
What should be monitored when a patient is prescribed a medication known for toxicity?
Which factor does NOT influence drug metabolism?
Which factor does NOT influence drug metabolism?
Which characteristic is true regarding sustained-release medications?
Which characteristic is true regarding sustained-release medications?
When administering medications to elderly patients, which factor must NOT be overlooked?
When administering medications to elderly patients, which factor must NOT be overlooked?
Which statement about drug interactions is FALSE?
Which statement about drug interactions is FALSE?
Which of the following nursing considerations is important when administering topical medications?
Which of the following nursing considerations is important when administering topical medications?
What is a common misconception about drug interactions?
What is a common misconception about drug interactions?
Which factors can affect a patient's response to medication?
Which factors can affect a patient's response to medication?
What are possible adverse effects of drug toxicity?
What are possible adverse effects of drug toxicity?
Which nursing interventions are essential when administering intravenous medications?
Which nursing interventions are essential when administering intravenous medications?
What should the nurse include in patient education regarding medications?
What should the nurse include in patient education regarding medications?
What should be monitored to assess the risk of drug toxicity?
What should be monitored to assess the risk of drug toxicity?
Why is it important to verify a patient’s allergy history before administering medications?
Why is it important to verify a patient’s allergy history before administering medications?
Which statement about liquid medications is true?
Which statement about liquid medications is true?
What is a crucial factor influencing the onset of drug action?
What is a crucial factor influencing the onset of drug action?
What is the significance of half-life in pharmacology?
What is the significance of half-life in pharmacology?
What does steady state indicate in drug administration?
What does steady state indicate in drug administration?
What defines the peak effect of a drug?
What defines the peak effect of a drug?
How does drug toxicity typically manifest?
How does drug toxicity typically manifest?
What does pharmacodynamics study?
What does pharmacodynamics study?
Which action occurs when a drug acts as an antagonist?
Which action occurs when a drug acts as an antagonist?
What is the role of enzymes in pharmacodynamics?
What is the role of enzymes in pharmacodynamics?
In drug action, what is meant by a partial agonist?
In drug action, what is meant by a partial agonist?
Which aspect is NOT typically monitored to assess drug therapy effectiveness?
Which aspect is NOT typically monitored to assess drug therapy effectiveness?
What happens if the trough blood level of a drug is too low?
What happens if the trough blood level of a drug is too low?
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Study Notes
Pharmacology Principles
- A drug is any chemical affecting living organisms' physiological processes.
- Pharmacology is the study of drugs.
- Chemical name describes a drug's composition and structure.
- Generic name is assigned by governing bodies, e.g., acetaminophen.
- Trade name is a registered trademark, e.g., Tylenol.
Drug Dosage Forms
- Dosage form affects drug dissolution and absorption rate.
- Liquids (elixirs, syrups) are absorbed faster than solid forms.
- Enteric-coated tablets resist stomach acid, dissolving in the intestines.
Drug Delivery Systems
- Combination drugs contain multiple medications in one dose.
- Time-release technology releases drugs slowly over an extended period.
- Thin-film drug delivery dissolves in the mouth, absorbed through oral mucosa.
Drug Absorption
- Half-life is the time for serum drug levels to decrease by 50%.
- Steady state is reached when drug absorption equals elimination.
Onset, Peak, and Duration of Action
- Onset is the time for a drug to produce a therapeutic effect.
- Peak effect is the time for maximum therapeutic response.
- Duration of action is the time the drug remains effective.
Drug Toxicity
- Peak level: highest drug concentration in the blood.
- Trough level: lowest drug concentration in the blood.
- Toxicity: adverse effects due to high drug levels.
- Therapeutic drug monitoring ensures adequate drug exposure and minimizes toxicity.
Pharmacodynamics
- Pharmacodynamics studies the relationship between drug concentration and its effects.
- Therapeutic effect is the desired outcome of drug therapy.
- Drugs modify the rate or strength of cell or tissue functions.
Mechanisms of Action
- Receptors: sites where drugs bind to elicit a response.
- Enzymes: substances catalyzing biochemical reactions. Drugs can inhibit or enhance enzyme activity.
- Nonselective interactions: target cell membranes or processes.
Drug Type and Action
- Agonist: binds to receptor, producing a response.
- Partial agonist: binds to receptor, producing a diminished response.
- Antagonist: binds to receptor, blocking agonist action, preventing response.
Pharmacotherapeutics
- Goal of therapy: curing disease, relieving symptoms, arresting disease progression, preventing disease.
- Contraindication: patient condition making drug use dangerous.
Monitoring
- Evaluation of therapy: assessment of intended therapeutic effects and adverse effects.
- Drug interactions: interactions between drugs, food, or lab tests.
Types of Drug Interactions
- Additive effects: combined effect equals the sum of individual drug effects.
- Synergistic effects: combined effect exceeds the sum of individual drug effects.
- Antagonistic effects: combined effect is less than the sum of individual drug effects.
- Incompatibility: chemical deterioration of drugs when mixed.
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