Podcast
Questions and Answers
What medication is primarily used as an antidote for opiate overdose?
What medication is primarily used as an antidote for opiate overdose?
Which diuretic is known as a potassium-sparing agent?
Which diuretic is known as a potassium-sparing agent?
Which class of antihypertensive medication is characterized by the suffix 'olol'?
Which class of antihypertensive medication is characterized by the suffix 'olol'?
What type of medication is Ambien classified as?
What type of medication is Ambien classified as?
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Which of the following medications is used to reduce intraocular pressure in patients with eye issues?
Which of the following medications is used to reduce intraocular pressure in patients with eye issues?
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What is a significant side effect associated with short acting beta agonists?
What is a significant side effect associated with short acting beta agonists?
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Which medication is primarily used for immediate symptomatic relief in asthma?
Which medication is primarily used for immediate symptomatic relief in asthma?
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What condition must be monitored while a patient is on Clozapine?
What condition must be monitored while a patient is on Clozapine?
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Which of the following is a known side effect of steroids?
Which of the following is a known side effect of steroids?
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What is the mechanism of action for loop diuretics such as Furosemide?
What is the mechanism of action for loop diuretics such as Furosemide?
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Which of the following should be checked before administering Digoxin?
Which of the following should be checked before administering Digoxin?
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What is the antidote for Warfarin overdose?
What is the antidote for Warfarin overdose?
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What is a common use for Mannitol in clinical settings?
What is a common use for Mannitol in clinical settings?
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Which medication is commonly used to treat ADHD and acts as a CNS stimulant?
Which medication is commonly used to treat ADHD and acts as a CNS stimulant?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors?
What is the primary mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors?
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Which class of medications is indicated for treating Alzheimer's disease by preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine?
Which class of medications is indicated for treating Alzheimer's disease by preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine?
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Which medication is a commonly used beta-blocker?
Which medication is a commonly used beta-blocker?
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What potential side effect is associated with Ritalin (Methylphenidate)?
What potential side effect is associated with Ritalin (Methylphenidate)?
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Which medication is an example of an ARB (angiotensin receptor blocker)?
Which medication is an example of an ARB (angiotensin receptor blocker)?
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Which of the following conditions is treated with the medication Donepezil?
Which of the following conditions is treated with the medication Donepezil?
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In which of the following classes do medications like Phenobarbital belong?
In which of the following classes do medications like Phenobarbital belong?
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What is a potential long-term side effect of antipsychotic medications that is measured by the AIMs scale?
What is a potential long-term side effect of antipsychotic medications that is measured by the AIMs scale?
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What is the primary purpose of using medications like Naloxone?
What is the primary purpose of using medications like Naloxone?
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Which of the following medications is a common treatment for insomnia?
Which of the following medications is a common treatment for insomnia?
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Which medication is recommended for treating otitis media?
Which medication is recommended for treating otitis media?
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Which of the following is a side effect associated with SSRIs?
Which of the following is a side effect associated with SSRIs?
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Which type of medication helps reduce swelling and inflammation in allergic reactions?
Which type of medication helps reduce swelling and inflammation in allergic reactions?
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Which of the following is a common side effect of antihistamines?
Which of the following is a common side effect of antihistamines?
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The primary function of the kidneys is to filter [blank] from the blood.
The primary function of the kidneys is to filter [blank] from the blood.
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The primary organ affected by diabetes is the [blank].
The primary organ affected by diabetes is the [blank].
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Study Notes
Short-Acting Beta Agonists (SABAs)
- Used for immediate symptomatic relief of bronchoconstriction.
- Short half-life.
- Examples: Albuterol (short-term), Salmeterol (long-term), Terbutaline.
- Methylxanthines (e.g., theophylline) have a narrow therapeutic range, increasing risk of adverse effects.
- Inhaled anticholinergics are also used.
- Side effects: Tachycardia, arrhythmias, dry mouth, and paradoxical bronchospasm (opposite of intended effect).
Steroid Side Effects
- Reduce airway swelling.
- Potential side effects: Seizures, arrhythmias, heart failure (HF), pancreatitis, hypokalemia, acute adrenal insufficiency, altered blood glucose (hypo/hyperglycemia), growth suppression (in children), depression, secondary infections, edema, weight gain, elevated cholesterol, muscle weakness, orthostatic hypotension, shortness of breath (SOB), delayed wound healing, immune suppression, and increased blood glucose levels.
- Prednisone (oral) is often used for short-term flare-ups.
Loop Diuretics
- Block sodium and chloride reabsorption.
- Used to reduce edema associated with heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, and renal failure.
- Example: Furosemide (Lasix).
- Side effect: Hearing loss.
- Administer in the morning.
- Monitor potassium levels before administering.
- Lower doses may be needed in older adults.
- Monitor BUN levels.
Other Medications (Week 5)
- Warfarin: Inhibits clotting factors; Vitamin K is the antidote. High risk of bleeding; avoid ginger, garlic, ginkgo, green tea, cranberry juice, chamomile.
- Lovenox (Enoxaparin): Anticoagulant (blood thinner).
- Clozapine: Antipsychotic; monitor white blood cell count and absolute neutrophil count.
- Mannitol: Osmotic diuretic; reduces intracranial and intraocular pressure in emergencies (e.g., acute angle-closure glaucoma).
- Montelukast: Long-term asthma treatment; not for acute attacks.
- Digoxin: Cardiac glycoside; check heart rate (HR > 60 bpm) before administration. Rapidly absorbed orally. Side effects: arrhythmias, heart block.
- Nitroglycerin: Dilates blood vessels; increases blood flow, reduces cardiac oxygen demand. Used for angina and to lower blood pressure (BP). IV forms need close monitoring. Administer three doses, with 5 minutes between.
- Statins: Treat hyperlipidemia by lowering LDL ("bad") cholesterol and raising HDL ("good") cholesterol. Examples: Atorvastatin, Simvastatin, Rosuvastatin.
- Ritalin (Methylphenidate): Central nervous system (CNS) stimulant for ADHD; increases norepinephrine and dopamine. Side effects: Insomnia, decreased appetite, growth suppression; potential for abuse. Administer before 4 PM. Drug holidays may mitigate side effects.
Antihypertensives Mechanism of Action
- Calcium Channel Blockers ("pine"): Block calcium influx into cardiovascular cells, decreasing heart contraction force and myocardial oxygen demand. Exceptions: Verapamil, Diltiazem.
- ACE Inhibitors ("pril"): Inhibit angiotensin I from converting to angiotensin II, decreasing vasoconstriction and blood pressure. Example: Lisinopril.
- ARB ("sartan"): Block angiotensin II from binding to receptors, decreasing vasoconstriction and blood pressure. Example: Losartan.
- Beta Blockers ("olol"): Block adrenaline hormones, slowing the heart and reducing blood pressure. Example: Metoprolol, Atenolol.
Specific Antihypertensives
- ACE Inhibitors: Lisinopril can cause hyperkalemia.
- ARBs: Losartan can cause hyperkalemia.
- Beta Blockers: Metoprolol, Atenolol.
- Calcium Channel Blockers: Nifedipine, Verapamil, Diltiazem.
Alzheimer's Disease Treatment
- Donepezil (Aricept): Inhibits acetylcholine breakdown, enhancing transmission in cholinergic neurons.
Parkinson's Disease Treatment
- Levodopa/Carbidopa/Entacapone (Stalevo, Sinemet): Increases dopamine synthesis in nerve terminals, treating tremors associated with low dopamine. Best taken on an empty stomach and with a consistent schedule. Side effects: nausea, vomiting.
Epilepsy Treatment
- Medications desensitize sodium channels.
- Barbiturates (e.g., Phenobarbital): Controlled substance; potential for laryngeal spasm.
- Hydantoins (e.g., Phenytoin [Dilantin]): Frequent monitoring of blood levels required.
- Phenytoin-like drugs (e.g., Valproic acid [Depakene]): Regular blood level monitoring is essential.
Antitussives
- Opioids (e.g., Codeine): Cough suppressants.
- Non-opioids (e.g., Robitussin, Tessalon perles): Cough suppressants.
- Mucolytics: Thin mucus, aiding its expulsion.
- Expectorants (e.g., Mucinex, Tussin): Aid in mucus removal.
- Decongestants (e.g., Pseudoephedrine): Narrow nasal blood vessels to relieve congestion.
Antihistamines
- H1: Treat allergic symptoms (e.g., Claritin, Benadryl).
- H2: Treat gastro conditions like GERD, peptic ulcers, motion sickness (e.g., Zantac, Ranitidine, Pepcid).
- Example: Diphenhydramine (Benadryl): Also used as a sleep aid, cough suppressant (non-productive coughs).
Ophthalmic Deviations Treatment
- Timolol, Brimonidine, Latanoprost (eye drops): Lower intraocular pressure (IOP) by affecting aqueous humor production/outflow.
- Side effects: Eye stinging and redness.
SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) Side Effects
- Headache, weight gain, anxiety, insomnia, suicidal thoughts, serotonin syndrome (fever, restlessness, nausea, vomiting).
- Avoid use with MAOIs (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors).
- Examples: Fluoxetine (Prozac), Citalopram (Celexa), Paroxetine (Paxil), Remeron.
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
- Life-threatening reaction to antipsychotic medications.
- Symptoms: Increased fever, confusion, rigid muscles, unstable blood pressure, sweating, fast heart rate.
Treating Insomnia
- Lunesta, Ambien, Trazodone.
Metabolic Syndrome
- Group of risk factors increasing heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes risk.
- Can be caused by some psych medications (e.g., antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers), which can lead to weight gain, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia.
AIMs (Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale)
- Used to assess for tardive dyskinesia (involuntary movements) side effect of long-term antipsychotic use.
Treating Otitis Media
- High-dose Amoxicillin is the first-line treatment (antibiotic).
- Side effects: GI upset, allergic reactions, superinfections.
- Otitis externa (swimmer's ear) may be treated with Ciprofloxacin plus Hydrocortisone otic drops.
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Description
Explore the pharmacological aspects and side effects of Short-Acting Beta Agonists (SABAs) and steroids. This quiz covers their usage in treating bronchoconstriction, the potential side effects of steroids, and specific medications like Albuterol and Prednisone. Test your understanding of these essential respiratory therapeutic agents.
