Questions and Answers
Match the following drug classes with their mechanisms of action:
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) = Inhibit prostaglandin formation Opioid Antagonist = Antagonizes opioid receptors Local Anesthetic = Inhibits sodium ion channels Anti-epileptic = Exact mechanism unknown; blocks voltage-dependent calcium channels
Which of the following is a Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic?
What is the drug class for naloxone?
Opioid Antagonist
All anti-epileptics have a known exact mechanism.
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The ADE of celecoxib (Celebrex) includes _____ and GI bleeding.
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What are some adverse effects of lithium (Lithobid)?
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Which opioid analgesic binds to opioid receptors?
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Which drug class is known for increasing dopamine synthesis?
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The ADE of tramadol (Ultram) includes profound _____ and respiratory depression.
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What is the mechanism of action for SSRIs?
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Study Notes
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
- Inhibit prostaglandin formation, providing anti-inflammatory effects.
- Examples: ibuprofen (Motrin, Aleve, Naproxen), meloxicam (Mobic), celecoxib (Celebrex), aspirin (Ecotrin).
- Aspirin offers additional anti-platelet properties.
Opioid Analgesics
- Bind to opioid receptors, leading to pain relief.
- Common opioids include morphine (Kadian, MS Contin), fentanyl (Duragesic, Sublimaze), and hydrocodone with acetaminophen (Vicodin).
Local Anesthetics
- Inhibit sodium ion channels, stabilizing neuronal membranes to prevent pain signal propagation.
- Notable examples: benzocaine (Anbesol), lidocaine (Xylocaine, Duocaine).
Anti-Epileptics
- Modulate neurotransmitter release and stabilize neuronal activity through various mechanisms.
- Include carbamazepine (Tegretol), phenytoin (Dilantin), gabapentin (Neurontin), and others.
Opioid Antagonists
- Antagonize opioid receptors to reverse effects of opioid agonists.
- Naloxone (Narcan) is a critical medication for opioid overdose situations.
Non-Benzodiazepine Hypnotics
- Interact with GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complexes to induce sleep with less dependency risk.
- Examples: eszopiclone (Lunesta), zolpidem (Ambien).
Melatonin Receptor Agonists
- Bind to melatonin receptors to regulate sleep-wake cycles.
- Ramelteon (Rozerem) is a primary drug in this class.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
- Selectively inhibit serotonin reuptake, enhancing mood.
- Common SSRIs include citalopram (Celexa), escitalopram (Lexapro), sertraline (Zoloft), fluoxetine (Prozac), and paroxetine (Paxil).
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)
- Nonselectively inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, affecting various receptor types.
- Amitriptyline (Elavil) is a notable example.
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
- Inhibit reuptake of both norepinephrine and serotonin to treat depression.
- Include duloxetine (Cymbalta), venlafaxine (Effexor), and desvenlafaxine (Pristiq).
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
- Irreversibly inhibit monoamine oxidase, boosting neurotransmitter activity.
- Isocarboxazid (Marplan) is included in this class.
Dopaminergics
- Increase dopamine synthesis, mainly used in Parkinson's treatment.
- Examples are levodopa/carbidopa (Parcopa, Duopa) and selegiline (Zelapar, Eldepryl).
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
- Reversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase to elevate acetylcholine levels.
- Memantine (Namenda XR) and donepezil (Aricept) are key drugs in this category.
Norepinephrine-Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (NDRIs)
- Inhibit the uptake of norepinephrine and dopamine.
- Bupropion (Wellbutrin) is a prominent NDRI.
Benzodiazepines
- Enhance GABA neurotransmission, leading to anxiolytic and sedative effects.
- Examples: alprazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (Klonopin), lorazepam (Ativan), diazepam (Valium).
Mood Stabilizers
- Primarily used for bipolar disorder, lithium (Lithobid) is a main treatment option.
Antipsychotics
- Block dopamine receptors in brain regions affecting mood and perception.
- Includes aripiprazole (Ability), haloperidol (Haldol), risperidone (Risperdal), and quetiapine (Seroquel).
Adverse Drug Events (ADE)
- Celecoxib (Celebrex): Increased cardiovascular thrombotic events & gastrointestinal bleeding.
- Aspirin (Ecotrin): Bronchospasms, thrombocytopenia, angioedema.
- Lithium (Lithobid): Toxicity leading to coma.
- Acetaminophen (Tylenol): Hepatotoxicity, acute kidney injury, thrombocytopenia.
- Tramadol (Ultram): Risk of profound sedation, respiratory depression, and coma.
- Gabapentin (Neurontin): Associated with suicidality and angioedema.
- Zolpidem (Ambien): Can cause sleepwalking, impaired mental alertness.
- Bupropion (Wellbutrin): High risk of seizures and severe hypertension.
- Other ADEs: Various drugs such as carbamazepine, fluoxetine, and amitriptyline may lead to serious reactions like arrhythmias, QT prolongation, or hypertensive crises.
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Description
This quiz explores the pharmacological agents used in pain management, including NSAIDs, opioid analgesics, local anesthetics, anti-epileptics, and opioid antagonists. Understand their mechanisms of action, examples, and clinical applications. Test your knowledge on how these medications affect pain relief and inflammation.
