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Questions and Answers
Which medication is commonly used to prevent motion sickness?
What is the appropriate treatment for women with hyperprolactinemia?
Angiotensin II is converted by ACE to which of the following?
Which peptide is responsible for recurrent episodes of angioedema associated with increased vascular permeability?
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Which substance is significant in managing patients with acute kidney injury and chronic kidney failure?
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Which statement about Substance P is false?
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Which form of PGE2 is associated with low stimulation of EP3 receptors and increased capillary permeability?
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Asthmatic patients exhibit sensitivity to NSAIDs often due to which mechanism?
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Study Notes
Motion Sickness Treatment
- Diphenhydramine and promethazine are commonly used to treat motion sickness.
- Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine that blocks H1 receptors.
- Promethazine is also an antihistamine, which blocks H1 receptors.
- Cetirizine is an antihistamine but not used for motion sickness.
Hyperprolactinemia Treatment
- Bromocriptine is used to treat hyperprolactinemia.
- Bromocriptine is a dopamine agonist that inhibits prolactin release.
- Ergonovine is used to treat postpartum hemorrhage.
- Ergotamine is used to treat migraines.
Angiotensin II Conversion
- Angiotensin II is converted by ACE II to angiotensin(1-7).
Angioedema
- Bradykinin is a peptide that causes increased vascular permeability.
- Increased vascular permeability is a characteristic of angioedema.
Acute Kidney Injury
- Uridilation is used to improve kidney function in patients with acute kidney injury and chronic kidney failure.
- Uridilation lowers serum creatinine and increases urine output.
Substance P
- Substance P is a neuropeptide involved in pain perception.
- It can cause bronchial smooth muscle contraction which is also known to cause pain.
- Substance P can stimulate the vomiting reflex, which is associated with some pain conditions
- Substance P is a potent vasodilator, not a vasoconstrictor.
Prostaglandins and Capillary Permeability
- PGE2 at EP3 receptors stimulates vasoconstriction (low permeability).
- PGE2 at IP receptors inhibits vasodilation (high permeability).
- PGE2 at EP2 receptors stimulates vasodilation (increased permeability).
- PGF2a at IP receptors stimulates vasoconstriction (low permeability).
Asthma and NSAIDs
- Asthmatic patients may be sensitive to NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).
- These patients may experience bronchospasm after taking NSAIDs.
- This sensitivity may be due to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by NSAIDs.
- This inhibition can lead to increased levels of leukotrienes, which are known to constrict the airways
Paracetamol Toxicity
- N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) is a toxic metabolite of paracetamol (acetaminophen).
- NAPQI is deactivated by glutathione.
- Paracetamol overdoses can lead to saturation of glutathione, leading to NAPQI accumulation.
- NAPQI accumulation can cause hepatotoxicity.
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Description
This quiz covers the pharmacological treatments for motion sickness, hyperprolactinemia, and acute kidney injury. It includes key information on various antihistamines and their mechanisms. Test your knowledge on angiotensin II conversion and the role of bradykinin in angioedema.
