50 Questions
Which neurotransmitter is released by the enterochromaffin cells of the small intestine in response to blood-borne emetics and local irritants?
Serotonin
Which receptor is stimulated by serotonin to initiate the vomiting reflex?
5HT3 (serotonin)
Which neurotransmitter's receptors may mediate signaling in the emetic center?
Serotonin
Which neurotransmitter is associated with 5HT3 receptors?
Serotonin
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for stimulating vagal afferents in the vomiting reflex?
Serotonin
Which neurotransmitter is released in response to blood-borne emetics and local irritants?
Serotonin
Which medication has the highest receptor-binding affinity to 5-HT3R and a longer half-life?
Palonosetron
Which medication is metabolized by CYP2D6 and to a lesser extent, CYP3A4 and CYP1A2?
Palonosetron
Which medication is a pro-drug that is converted in vivo by carbonyl reductase to its active metabolite, hydrodolasetron?
Dolasetron
Which medication has the highest bioavailability but is rapidly absorbed after oral administration?
Ondansetron
Which medication has the longest half-life after intravenous injection?
Palonosetron
Which medication is extensively metabolized by liver CPY3A4 enzyme with extensive inter-subject variability?
Granisetron
Which of the following is a common side effect of antihistamines and anticholinergics?
Dry mouth
Where are the serotonin receptors localized and how do they influence the emetic center?
Localized in the brain, influencing nausea and vomiting
What are the names of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists?
Ondansetron and granisetron
Why should metoclopramide not be given at high doses or used long-term?
Because it can cause neurological side effects
Name some antihistamine drugs.
Diphenhydramine and promethazine
What event in the body results most often as a side effect of 5-HT3 use?
Constipation
Which areas in the CNS would be most associated with motion sickness?
Cerebellum and medulla oblongata
What are some side effects of antihistamines and anticholinergics?
Dry mouth, constipation, difficulty urinating
Which medication is a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist?
Granisetron
What is the mechanism of action of Aprepitant?
Blocks NK1 receptor, preventing nausea and vomiting
Which medication has the longest half-life after intravenous injection?
Palonosetron
What is the most common side effect of Dronabinol?
Sedation
How is scopolamine primarily excreted from the body?
Urine
What is the main concern associated with metoclopramide use at high doses or long-term?
Extrapyramidal side effects
Which medication is metabolized by CYP2D6 and to a lesser extent, CYP3A4?
Dolasetron
What is the primary receptor targeted by Palonosetron?
5-HT3 receptor
What is the primary mechanism of action of glucocorticoids like dexamethasone in preventing nausea and vomiting?
Inhibits prostaglandin production and suppresses inflammation
What is the most common side effect of ondansetron?
Headache
Which of the following is a common side effect of anticholinergic agents?
Difficulty urinating
Which of the following is a side effect most frequently associated with antihistamines?
Sedation
What area in the body are H1R antagonists well absorbed from?
Gastrointestinal tract
Which neurotransmitter's receptors may mediate signaling in the emetic center?
Serotonin
Where are the serotonin receptors localized and how do they influence the emetic center?
Localized in the brain and stimulate vomiting reflex
What are some side effects of antihistamines and anticholinergics?
Sedation and constipation
Which area in the central nervous system could be most associated with motion sickness?
Vestibular system
What event in the body results most often as a side effect of 5-HT3 receptor antagonist use?
Constipation
Why should metoclopramide not be given at high doses or used long-term?
Because it can result in tardive dyskinesia and dystonia
Which medication has the highest receptor-binding affinity to 5-HT3 receptors and a longer half-life?
Ondansetron
What is the main neurotransmitter responsible for stimulating vagal afferents in the vomiting reflex?
Serotonin (5-HT3)
Which medication is a pro-drug converted in vivo by carbonyl reductase to its active metabolite, hydrodolasetron?
Dolasetron
Which medication has the highest receptor-binding affinity to 5-HT3R and a longer half-life?
Palonosetron
What is a common side effect of antihistamines and anticholinergics?
Sedation
What event in the body most often results as a side effect of 5-HT3 use?
QT interval prolongation
Which areas in the CNS are most associated with motion sickness?
Medulla oblongata and pons
Why should metoclopramide not be given at high doses or used long-term?
Potential for extrapyramidal side effects
Which medication is extensively metabolized by liver CPY3A4 enzyme with extensive inter-subject variability?
Ondansetron
Which medication has the longest half-life after intravenous injection?
Granisetron
Which receptor is stimulated by serotonin to initiate the vomiting reflex?
5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT3)
Test your knowledge of the anatomical areas, neurotransmitters, receptors, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects of drugs used to treat nausea, vomit, and motion sickness. This quiz covers the tight junctions of endothelial cells in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) as well.
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