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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a side effect commonly associated with chemotherapy?
Which of the following is a side effect commonly associated with chemotherapy?
- Weight gain
- Hair loss (correct)
- Increased energy levels
- Improved immune function
What is a recommended dietary practice for individuals concerned about cancer?
What is a recommended dietary practice for individuals concerned about cancer?
- High intake of processed foods
- Frequent sugary drinks
- Unlimited consumption of red meats
- Increased lean protein and vegetables (correct)
Which of the following is classified as an alkylating agent used in chemotherapy?
Which of the following is classified as an alkylating agent used in chemotherapy?
- Tamoxifen
- Cyclophosphamide (correct)
- Aspirin
- Vitamin D
What symptom might indicate an advanced stage of cancer?
What symptom might indicate an advanced stage of cancer?
What condition related to chemotherapy can affect the production of blood cells?
What condition related to chemotherapy can affect the production of blood cells?
Which lifestyle choice is important to avoid for reducing cancer risk?
Which lifestyle choice is important to avoid for reducing cancer risk?
Which immunization is recommended to prevent a virus associated with multiple cancer types?
Which immunization is recommended to prevent a virus associated with multiple cancer types?
Which action should be taken to protect against skin cancer risk?
Which action should be taken to protect against skin cancer risk?
What common side effect can occur in the GI tract due to rapid cell division?
What common side effect can occur in the GI tract due to rapid cell division?
Which intervention is recommended for managing elevated uric acid levels?
Which intervention is recommended for managing elevated uric acid levels?
Which chemotherapy agent is associated with irreversible cardiomyopathy?
Which chemotherapy agent is associated with irreversible cardiomyopathy?
What is the primary reason for using gamma rays in radiation therapy?
What is the primary reason for using gamma rays in radiation therapy?
Which type of radiation therapy involves the radiation source being external to the patient?
Which type of radiation therapy involves the radiation source being external to the patient?
In the context of chemotherapy, what cognitive impact is commonly referred to as 'chemo brain'?
In the context of chemotherapy, what cognitive impact is commonly referred to as 'chemo brain'?
What is a critical nursing intervention during radiation therapy to ensure effective treatment?
What is a critical nursing intervention during radiation therapy to ensure effective treatment?
What type of radiation therapy allows for high doses to be delivered while sparing surrounding tissue?
What type of radiation therapy allows for high doses to be delivered while sparing surrounding tissue?
What intervention is recommended to enhance the immune system in patients experiencing bone marrow suppression?
What intervention is recommended to enhance the immune system in patients experiencing bone marrow suppression?
Which of the following medications is administered to manage thrombocytopenia?
Which of the following medications is administered to manage thrombocytopenia?
How can patients manage nausea and vomiting related to chemotherapy?
How can patients manage nausea and vomiting related to chemotherapy?
Which side effect occurs due to chemotherapy treatment and typically leads to hair regrowth approximately one month after finishing treatment?
Which side effect occurs due to chemotherapy treatment and typically leads to hair regrowth approximately one month after finishing treatment?
What is a critical consideration when monitoring a patient with neutropenia?
What is a critical consideration when monitoring a patient with neutropenia?
Which of the following is a recommended dietary practice for managing anorexia in cancer patients?
Which of the following is a recommended dietary practice for managing anorexia in cancer patients?
What is the role of epoetin alfa in cancer treatment?
What is the role of epoetin alfa in cancer treatment?
Which of the following options is NOT an intervention for managing alopecia caused by chemotherapy?
Which of the following options is NOT an intervention for managing alopecia caused by chemotherapy?
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Study Notes
Cancer Treatment Modalities
- Cisplatin: A chemotherapy drug used to treat various cancers by damaging DNA.
- Chemotherapy Categories:
- Antimetabolites: Include fluorouracil and methotrexate for disrupting cancer cell metabolism.
- Antibiotics: Doxorubicin hydrochloride, bleomycin, dactinomycin target cancer cells directly.
- Antimitotics: Vincristine and vinblastine inhibit cell division.
- Hormones: Estrogen, progesterone, tamoxifen citrate, and paclitaxel modify hormonal pathways in cancer.
- Biological Modifiers: Epoetin alfa and filgrastim boost immune function and red blood cell production.
Common Side Effects of Cancer Treatments
- Bone Marrow Suppression: Causes neutropenia and leukopenia; monitor white blood cell count and implement infection precautions.
- Anemia: Hemoglobin less than 10 g/dL; manage with oxygen therapy, iron-rich foods, and blood transfusions.
- Thrombocytopenia: Low platelet count; administer platelet transfusions and use bleeding precautions.
- Alopecia: Loss of hair occurs two weeks after starting treatment; offers potential solutions like ice application or wig referrals.
- Gastrointestinal Issues: Treat with antiemetics before therapy; encourage small, nutritious meals.
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
- Healthy Lifestyle: Focus on low-fat diet, regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, and limiting alcohol intake.
- Avoid Risk Factors: Reduce exposure to environmental hazards, avoid recreational drugs, and practice safe sex.
- Nutrition: Consume a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and lean protein while reducing processed foods and red meat.
Chemoprevention Strategies
- Utilize medications like aspirin and celecoxib for colon cancer prevention.
- Vitamin D and tamoxifen may lower breast cancer risk.
- Vaccinations against HPV and Hepatitis B can reduce cancer risk.
Screening Recommendations
- Regular screenings for various cancers; mammograms, colonoscopies, PSA testing for prostate cancer, and Pap tests at age 21.
- Low-dose helical CT scans recommended for older adults with a significant smoking history.
Risk Assessments
- Age: Cancer risk increases as age progresses.
- Immune Factors: Immunosuppressed individuals have a higher risk.
- Genetics: Family history of breast or colon cancer can necessitate genetic testing.
General Symptoms of Cancer
- Unintentional weight loss, persistent fatigue, weakness, pain which may appear late in disease progression.
Cancer Management Overview
- Employ chemotherapy and other treatments to attack rapidly dividing cells in tumors; effectiveness is higher in fast-growing cancers.
Specific Medication Toxicities
- Doxorubicin causes irreversible cardiomyopathy.
- Methotrexate may lead to renal toxicity.
- Vincristine sulfate is linked to peripheral neuropathy.
Cognitive Effects of Chemotherapy
- "Chemo brain" refers to cognitive impairment during and after treatment, affecting concentration and memory.
Radiation Therapy
- Utilizes gamma rays to destroy cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells; includes teletherapy and brachytherapy.
- Teletherapy: External radiation patients receive from a machine.
- Brachytherapy: Involves placing radioactive material inside or near tumors, posing radiation exposure risks to others.
Nursing Interventions for Radiation Therapy
- Ensure accurate patient positioning for consistent and effective treatment delivery.
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