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Questions and Answers
What is the primary action of decongestants on the nasal mucosa?
What is the primary action of decongestants on the nasal mucosa?
- Enhance fluid production in nasal membranes
- Dilate capillaries in the nasal passages
- Increase blood flow to nasal tissues
- Stimulate alpha adrenergic receptors (correct)
What is a potential side effect of using nasal decongestants?
What is a potential side effect of using nasal decongestants?
- Weight gain
- Nausea
- Dizziness (correct)
- Increased appetite
What condition should prompt caution when using pseudoephedrine?
What condition should prompt caution when using pseudoephedrine?
- Mild headaches
- Seasonal allergies
- Gastrointestinal disorders
- Hypertension (correct)
How long should nasal decongestants typically be used to avoid adverse effects?
How long should nasal decongestants typically be used to avoid adverse effects?
What beneficial effect does nasal decongestants have compared to systemic decongestants?
What beneficial effect does nasal decongestants have compared to systemic decongestants?
What is a common use of pseudoephedrine?
What is a common use of pseudoephedrine?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with nasal decongestant use?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with nasal decongestant use?
What mechanism allows decongestants to reduce nasal congestion?
What mechanism allows decongestants to reduce nasal congestion?
What effect do intranasal glucocorticoids have on nasal mucosa?
What effect do intranasal glucocorticoids have on nasal mucosa?
What is a potential interaction of intranasal glucocorticoids with beta blockers?
What is a potential interaction of intranasal glucocorticoids with beta blockers?
What adverse effect might occur with the use of intranasal glucocorticoids?
What adverse effect might occur with the use of intranasal glucocorticoids?
Why should large amounts of caffeine be avoided when using intranasal glucocorticoids?
Why should large amounts of caffeine be avoided when using intranasal glucocorticoids?
What is the recommended duration for using intranasal glucocorticoids?
What is the recommended duration for using intranasal glucocorticoids?
What should be monitored when using intranasal glucocorticoids alongside OTC cold medicines?
What should be monitored when using intranasal glucocorticoids alongside OTC cold medicines?
What condition may be worsened due to the use of intranasal glucocorticoids when interacting with MAOIs?
What condition may be worsened due to the use of intranasal glucocorticoids when interacting with MAOIs?
What is a common side effect of prolonged use of intranasal glucocorticoids?
What is a common side effect of prolonged use of intranasal glucocorticoids?
What is one of the primary actions of diphenhydramine?
What is one of the primary actions of diphenhydramine?
Which of the following adverse effects is associated with diphenhydramine?
Which of the following adverse effects is associated with diphenhydramine?
What distinguishes loratadine from diphenhydramine?
What distinguishes loratadine from diphenhydramine?
Under what conditions should diphenhydramine be administered with caution?
Under what conditions should diphenhydramine be administered with caution?
Which indication is listed for loratadine?
Which indication is listed for loratadine?
What is a characteristic of second-generation antihistamines like loratadine compared to first-generation like diphenhydramine?
What is a characteristic of second-generation antihistamines like loratadine compared to first-generation like diphenhydramine?
What adverse effect is most commonly associated with decongestants?
What adverse effect is most commonly associated with decongestants?
What is a potential consequence of using decongestants improperly?
What is a potential consequence of using decongestants improperly?
What is the primary action of antitussives?
What is the primary action of antitussives?
What condition is fluticasone primarily indicated for?
What condition is fluticasone primarily indicated for?
Which adverse effect is associated with dextromethorphan?
Which adverse effect is associated with dextromethorphan?
What is the expected effect of guaifenesin in the body?
What is the expected effect of guaifenesin in the body?
How quickly does dextromethorphan typically begin to work after administration?
How quickly does dextromethorphan typically begin to work after administration?
What is a common side effect of expectorants like guaifenesin?
What is a common side effect of expectorants like guaifenesin?
For which of the following conditions is fluticasone NOT typically indicated?
For which of the following conditions is fluticasone NOT typically indicated?
What is the duration of action for dextromethorphan?
What is the duration of action for dextromethorphan?
What is the primary purpose of mucolytics like Acetylcysteine?
What is the primary purpose of mucolytics like Acetylcysteine?
In which condition should mucolytics be avoided due to the risk of exacerbating symptoms?
In which condition should mucolytics be avoided due to the risk of exacerbating symptoms?
What is an important consideration when administering Acetylcysteine orally?
What is an important consideration when administering Acetylcysteine orally?
Which of the following practices is advised before administering Acetylcysteine via nebulizer?
Which of the following practices is advised before administering Acetylcysteine via nebulizer?
What side effect is potentially associated with Acetylcysteine?
What side effect is potentially associated with Acetylcysteine?
Which of the following is a contraindication for using acetylcysteine?
Which of the following is a contraindication for using acetylcysteine?
How does Acetylcysteine help with airway clearance?
How does Acetylcysteine help with airway clearance?
What is a suggested intake of water for optimal mucous clearance?
What is a suggested intake of water for optimal mucous clearance?
Flashcards
Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine
First-generation antihistamine that competes with histamine at H1 receptors to reduce allergic symptoms.
Loratadine
Loratadine
Second-generation antihistamine (less drowsy).
Oxymetazoline
Oxymetazoline
Nasal decongestant, shrinks blood vessels in the nose.
Pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine
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Fluticasone
Fluticasone
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Dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan
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Guaifenesin
Guaifenesin
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Acetylcysteine
Acetylcysteine
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Allergic Rhinitis
Allergic Rhinitis
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Common Cold
Common Cold
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Pruritus
Pruritus
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Urticaria
Urticaria
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Nasal Congestion
Nasal Congestion
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H1-receptor
H1-receptor
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Alpha-adrenergic receptors
Alpha-adrenergic receptors
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Intranasal glucocorticoids
Intranasal glucocorticoids
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Rebound congestion
Rebound congestion
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Cough
Cough
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Expectorant
Expectorant
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Mucolytic
Mucolytic
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Vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction
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Systemic
Systemic
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Nasal
Nasal
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OTC
OTC
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Study Notes
Antihistamines
- Diphenhydramine is a first-generation antihistamine
- It completes with histamine for binding at H1-receptor sites and antagonizes histamine effects
- Indications include allergic rhinitis, common cold, pruritus, and urticaria
- Adverse effects include drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, and disturbed coordination
- Caution: Avoid driving or operating dangerous machinery and alcohol use
- Avoid: in patients with glaucoma and COPD
- Loratadine is a second-generation antihistamine
- Indications include allergic rhinitis, pruritus, and urticaria
- Adverse effects are similar to first-generation antihistamines, but is less sedating and has fewer anticholinergic symptoms
- Given PO, IM, or IV
- Found in many OTC cold medicines
Decongestants
- Oxymetazoline is a nasal decongestant
- Stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors resulting in vasoconstriction of capillaries in the nasal mucosa which shrinks nasal mucous membranes and decreases fluid (runny nose)
- Indications include nasal congestion
- Adverse effects include rebound congestion, nasal irritation, blurred vision, dry eyes, and headache
- Extreme Caution: in patients with HTN, cardiac disease, hyperthyroidism, and diabetes
- Limit use to 3 days
- Acts quickly and has fewer adverse effects than systemic decongestants
- Pseudoephedrine is a systemic decongestant
- Stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors resulting in vasoconstriction of capillaries in the nasal mucosa which shrinks nasal mucous membranes and decreases fluid (runny nose)
- Indications include rhinitis and the common cold
- Adverse effects include:
- CNS: dizziness, headache, restlessness, insomnia
- CV: palpitations, dysrhythmias, HTN and tachycardia
- Extreme Caution: in patients with HTN, cardiac disease, hyperthyroidism, and diabetes
- Interactions: increase HTN with MAOIs and beta blockers
- Avoid large amounts of caffeine
- Given PO in regular and extended-release
- Combined with other drugs in OTC cold medicines
- Works longer than nasal forms of decongestants
Intranasal Glucocorticoids
- Fluticasone is an intranasal glucocorticoid
- Produces anti-inflammation resulting in a decrease in allergic rhinitis symptoms
- Indications include allergic rhinitis and asthma
- Adverse effects include headache, blurred vision, fatigue, insomnia, pharyngitis, nasal candidiasis/irritation
- Short-term use only
- 2 sprays per nostril per week 1
- 1-2 sprays qd PRN
Antitussives
- Dextromethorphan is an antitussive
- Acts on the cough control center in the medulla to suppress the cough reflex
- Indication is temporary cough relief of a non-productive cough due to sore throat, irritation, or cold
- Rapid absorption, works in 15-30 minutes and lasts 3-6 hours
- Used in many OTC cold medicines
Expectorants
- Guaifenesin is an expectorant
- Loosens bronchial sections to be eliminated by coughing
- Indications include cough with URI and cold
- Adverse effects include headache, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting
- Hydration is important, take with a full glass of water
- Drink 8 glasses/day
- In many OTC cold medicines
Mucolytics
- Acetylcysteine is a mucolytic
- Thins mucous secretions
- Indications include cystic fibrosis, atelectasis
- Adverse effects include GI irritation, rash, oropharyngeal irritation
- Avoid with: asthma, agents with dextromethorphan(cough suppressant), and agents with acetaminophen (liver toxicity)
- Given via nebulizer
- Given 5 minutes before a bronchodilator
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Description
This quiz covers important information on antihistamines and decongestants, including their classifications, indications, and adverse effects. It focuses on first-generation antihistamines like Diphenhydramine and second-generation ones like Loratadine, along with the decongestant Oxymetazoline. Test your understanding of their uses and precautions in pharmacology.
