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Questions and Answers
What is the effect of bacteriostatic agents on bacteria?
What is the mechanism of action of beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the characteristic of narrow-spectrum agents?
What is a mechanism of resistance to antibacterial agents?
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What is an example of a broad-spectrum agent?
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What contributes to the development of resistance to antibacterial agents?
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Study Notes
Classification of Antibacterial Agents
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Bacteriostatic agents: Inhibit bacterial growth and multiplication, but do not kill bacteria. Examples:
- Sulfonamides
- Tetracyclines
- Macrolides
- Chloramphenicol
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Bactericidal agents: Kill bacteria. Examples:
- Beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems)
- Aminoglycosides
- Fluoroquinolones
- Metronidazole
Mechanisms of Action
- Inhibition of cell wall synthesis: Beta-lactam antibiotics
- Inhibition of protein synthesis: Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Aminoglycosides
- Inhibition of DNA replication: Fluoroquinolones
- Disruption of membrane structure: Polymyxins
- Inhibition of folic acid synthesis: Sulfonamides
Spectrum of Activity
-
Narrow-spectrum agents: Effective against a limited range of bacteria. Examples:
- Penicillin G (streptococci, some staphylococci)
- Macrolides (streptococci, staphylococci, Haemophilus)
-
Broad-spectrum agents: Effective against a wide range of bacteria. Examples:
- Tetracyclines
- Fluoroquinolones
- Beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations
Resistance to Antibacterial Agents
-
Mechanisms of resistance:
- Enzymatic degradation of antibiotics (beta-lactamases)
- Alteration of target molecules
- Reduced permeability of bacterial cells
- Active efflux of antibiotics
-
Factors contributing to resistance:
- Overuse and misuse of antibiotics
- Selection pressure
- Horizontal gene transfer
Classification of Antibacterial Agents
- Bacteriostatic agents inhibit bacterial growth and multiplication, but do not kill bacteria, examples include Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines, Macrolides, and Chloramphenicol.
- Bactericidal agents kill bacteria, examples include Beta-lactam antibiotics, Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolones, and Metronidazole.
Mechanisms of Action
- Beta-lactam antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis.
- Tetracyclines, Macrolides, and Aminoglycosides inhibit protein synthesis.
- Fluoroquinolones inhibit DNA replication.
- Polymyxins disrupt membrane structure.
- Sulfonamides inhibit folic acid synthesis.
Spectrum of Activity
- Narrow-spectrum agents are effective against a limited range of bacteria, examples include Penicillin G (effective against streptococci, some staphylococci) and Macrolides (effective against streptococci, staphylococci, Haemophilus).
- Broad-spectrum agents are effective against a wide range of bacteria, examples include Tetracyclines, Fluoroquinolones, and Beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations.
Resistance to Antibacterial Agents
- Mechanisms of resistance include enzymatic degradation of antibiotics, alteration of target molecules, reduced permeability of bacterial cells, and active efflux of antibiotics.
- Factors contributing to resistance include overuse and misuse of antibiotics, selection pressure, and horizontal gene transfer.
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Description
This quiz covers the classification of antibacterial agents, including bacteriostatic and bactericidal agents, and their mechanisms of action.
