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Questions and Answers
What is the normal level of Na+ in the body?
What is the definition of hyponatremia?
What is the main cause of hypernatremia?
What is the role of V2 receptors in the renal collecting ducts?
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What is the result of osmotic diuresis or diabetes insipidus?
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What is the effect of ADH or vasopressin release on the vasculature?
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What is the relationship between osmolarity and conc solute?
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What is the result of severe hyponatremia?
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What is the primary reason for water loss in hypernatremia?
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What is the response of the posterior pituitary to high osmolarity?
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What is the effect of V1b receptors on the brain?
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What is the result of a state of hyperosmolarity?
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What is the effect of CHF on Na+ levels?
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What is the role of V1a receptors in the vasculature?
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What is the relationship between osmolarity and serum Na+ levels?
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What is the main cause of hyponatremia?
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Study Notes
Electrolyte Imbalance
- Normal sodium (Na+) level: 135-145 mEq/L
- Osmolarity: concentration of solute (constant) / solvent (constant)
Hyponatremia (Serum Na+ < 135 mEq/L)
- Causes:
- CHF (Congestive Heart Failure)
- Liver failure
- SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone)
- ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) or vasopressin release from posterior pituitary in response to high osmolarity
- ADH binds to three receptors:
- V1a in vasculature (vasoconstriction)
- V1b in brain
- V2 in renal collecting ducts (increased water absorption)
Hypernatremia (Plasma Na+ > 145 mEq/L)
- Represents a state of hyperosmolarity
- Causes:
- Primary Na+ gain
- Water loss or less water intake (more common)
- Renal water loss due to:
- Osmotic diuresis
- Diabetes insipidus (↓ ADH)
Electrolyte Imbalance
- Normal sodium (Na+) level: 135-145 mEq/L
- Osmolarity: concentration of solute (constant) / solvent (constant)
Hyponatremia (Serum Na+ < 135 mEq/L)
- Causes:
- CHF (Congestive Heart Failure)
- Liver failure
- SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone)
- ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) or vasopressin release from posterior pituitary in response to high osmolarity
- ADH binds to three receptors:
- V1a in vasculature (vasoconstriction)
- V1b in brain
- V2 in renal collecting ducts (increased water absorption)
Hypernatremia (Plasma Na+ > 145 mEq/L)
- Represents a state of hyperosmolarity
- Causes:
- Primary Na+ gain
- Water loss or less water intake (more common)
- Renal water loss due to:
- Osmotic diuresis
- Diabetes insipidus (↓ ADH)
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Description
This quiz covers electrolyte imbalance, specifically hyponatremia, and kidney injuries, including normal sodium levels and osmolarity.
