Questions and Answers
What are probiotics?
Antidiarrheals
What are probiotics also known as? (Select all that apply)
How do bacterial cultures of lactobacillus organisms work? (Select all that apply)
Lactobacillus organisms are not recommended for which patients?
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Give examples of probiotics.
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What are opioid analgesics used for? (Select all that apply)
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Situations where you should not use opioid analgesics include: (Select all that apply)
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Name one opioid agonist drug.
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What is unique about the fentanyl transdermal patch?
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Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) is less potent than morphine sulfate.
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Codeine sulfate is primarily used as a ________ ________ and it has a _________ _________.
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What is the purpose of opioid agonist-antagonist drugs?
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Name one opioid antagonist drug.
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What should be administered in case of an opioid overdose?
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What are the effects of naloxone (Narcan)?
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What effects does acetaminophen (Tylenol) have? (Select all that apply)
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What is the recommended dosage of Tylenol for the FDA?
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What do you use in case of an overdose with acetaminophen?
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What is the Lidoderm transdermal patch used for?
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Study Notes
Probiotics
- Probiotics function as antidiarrheals by maintaining intestinal health.
- Also referred to as intestinal flora modifiers and bacterial replacement drugs.
- Lactobacillus cultures help restore absent bacteria and inhibit harmful bacteria in the GI tract.
- Not recommended for immunocompromised patients or those with severely damaged GI tracts.
- Examples include Lactobacillus acidophilus (Bacid), yogurt, and buttermilk.
Opioid Analgesics
- Used to alleviate moderate to severe pain, suppress cough, treat diarrhea, and for balanced anesthesia.
- Contraindications include drug allergies, severe asthma, respiratory insufficiency, elevated intracranial pressure, morbid obesity, sleep apnea, paralytic ileus, pregnancy, and myasthenia gravis.
Opioid Agonists
- Key drugs include Morphine Sulfate, Hydromorphone (Dilaudid), Fentanyl Transdermal Patch, Methadone Hydrochloride, Hydrocodone, and Codeine Sulfate.
- Fentanyl is very potent, classified as a Schedule II drug, recommended for chronic pain in opioid-tolerant patients, and should not be used for acute pain.
- Hydromorphone is seven times more potent than morphine.
- Codeine is primarily utilized as a cough suppressant and exhibits a ceiling effect on its analgesic properties.
Opioid Agonist-Antagonist
- Designed to reduce misuse and addiction risks; typically for short-term pain management.
- Can induce withdrawal symptoms in individuals dependent on opioids.
- Not suitable for long-term chronic pain treatment.
- Notable drugs include Buprenorphine (Bupranex), Butorphanol (Stadol), Nalbuphine (Nubain), and Pentazocine (Talwin).
Opioid Antagonists
- Include Naloxone (Narcan) and Naltrexone (Revia), used to counteract opioid overdose.
- Naloxone rapidly reverses opioid-induced respiratory depression and requires monitoring of consciousness and respirations post-administration.
Adverse Effects of Naloxone
- Potential withdrawal symptoms: anxiety, irritability, hot flashes, joint pain, nausea, vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, and confusion.
- Important to prioritize the administration of Naloxone in cases of severe respiratory depression despite withdrawal symptoms.
Non-Opioid Analgesics
- Acetaminophen (Tylenol) has antipyretic and analgesic effects but lacks anti-inflammatory properties.
- Mechanism of Action: Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis to block pain impulses and reduces fever through hypothalamic action.
- Safe indications include mild to moderate pain, fever, and is a safer alternative for those who cannot take aspirin.
- Contraindicated in patients with liver dysfunction or allergies; interacts with alcohol, causing hepatotoxicity.
- Recommended dosages vary: FDA recommends 4000 mg, manufacturer suggests 3000 mg, while elderly, liver disease, and alcoholics should limit intake to 2000 mg.
- For acetaminophen overdose, administer the Acetylcysteine regimen promptly, mixed with cola to mask its odor.
Lidoderm Transdermal Patch
- Used for neuropathic pain relief, particularly pain due to shingles.
- Can be administered alone or in conjunction with antidepressants, opioids, or anticonvulsants.
- Provides pain relief lasting 4-12 hours; maximum use of 12 hours per day to avoid systemic effects.
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Description
Test your knowledge on probiotics and their effects, including their role as antidiarrheals and bacterial modifiers. This flashcard quiz covers essential pharmacological concepts related to both opioids and non-opioids. Perfect for final exam preparation!
