Pharmacology: Common Drug Classes

Pharmacology Table

• Ase pain: Example drug is Streptase

  • Thrombolytic drugs dissolve clots.
  • Can cause severe bleeding and abdominal issues.

• Azole: Example drug is Miconazole

  • Antifungal medications treat fungal infections.
  • Can cause rash and burning.

• Caine: Example drug is Lidocaine

  • Is a type of anesthetic
  • Can cause nausea, orthostatic, and hypotension.

• Cef / Ceph: Example drug is Cephalos porin

  • Antibacterial treat bacterial infections
  • Can cause rash, stomach cramps

• Cillin: Example drug is Penicillin

  • Antibacterial treat bacterial infections
  • Can cause Nausea/vomiting diarrhea

• Floxacin: Example drug is Fluoroquinolone

  • Antibacterial treat bacterial infections
  • Nausea and anaphylaxis.

• Cycline: Example drug is Tetracycline

  • Are antibiotics
  • Causes toxicity in pregnancy and discolors teeth.

• Dazole: Example drug is Nitroimidazole

  • Treats bacterial skin infections
  • Can cause skin irritation and dryness

• Dipine: Example drug is Nifidepine (CCBs)

  • Dilates arteries
  • Can cause low blood pressure & edema

• Prazole: Example drug is Pantaprzole (PPIs)

  • Reduces acid in stomach
  • Can cause headaches & diarrhea

• Profen: Example drug is Ibuprofren (NSAID)

  • Decrease inflammation
  • May increase bleeding and stomach upset

• Pheny toin: Example drug is Dilantin

  • Prevents seizures
  • Can cause Increase hair growth, stomach pain

• Mycin / Micin: Example drug is Gentamicin

  • Treat bacterial infections
  • Can cause Ototoxicity flank pain

• Olol: Example drug is Beta blocker

  • Lowers BP, HR and SOB in respiratory pts

• Cort: Example drug is Cortisone

  • Anti-inflammatory
  • Can cause increased blood sugar, edema

• Arin: Example drug is Warfarin

  • Prevent blood clots
  • Can cause bleeding, bruises

• Pril: Example drug is ACE inhibitor

  • Treats high blood pressure
  • Can cause nonproductive cough and dizziness

• Sartan: Example drug is Cozaar (ARBs)

  • Treats high BP
  • Can cause Angioedema hyperkalemia

• Statin: Example drug is Simvastatin (C10AA)

  • Lowers cholesterol level
  • Can cause headaches and weakness

• Semide: Example drug is Loop diuretic

  • Removes water from body
  • Can cause Increased urination, hyponatremia & hypokalemia

• Thiazide: Example drug is Thiazide diuretic

  • Removes water from body
  • Can cause Increased urination & hypokalemia

• Actone: Example drug is Potassium sparing

  • Removes water from body, increases potassium levels
  • Can cause Increased urination & hyperkalemia

• Setron: Example drug is Ondansetron(5-HT)

  • Prevents nausea
  • Can cause Diarrhea & fatigue

• Terol: Example drug is Salmeterol-(B2)

  • Relieves breathing problems
  • Can cause Irregular heartbeat headache

• Vir: Example drug is Acyclovir

  • Treats viral infections
  • Can cause Nausea/vomiting & diarrhea

• Zepam /Zolam: Example drug is Lorazepam

  • Treats anxiety/ seizures and confusion sleepiness

• CCBs = Calcium channel blockers, PPIs = Proton Pump Inhibitors

• ARBs = Angiotensin II receptor antagonist; C10AA = HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor

• 5-HT = Serotonin receptor antagonist

• B2 = Beta agonist

List of Medical Diseases/Conditions

• Atrial fibrillation (A Fib) often results in a fast heartbeat over 100 bpm, which increases the risk of stroke.

  • Anticoagulants like Warfarin are often prescribed
  • Monitor INR levels, heart rate, and circulation changes.
  • Follow standard precautions.

• Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by bacterial, viral, mycoplasmal, fungal, protozoal, or mycobacterial infection.

  • Health care-associated pneumonia affects patients who are living in long-term facilities.
  • Community-acquired pneumonia occurs in the community setting or in healthcare facilities within 48 hours of admission.
  • Aspiration pneumonia results from inhaling foreign matter in the bronchi.
  • Encourage coughing and deep breathing.
  • Administer prescribed antibiotic therapy.
  • Contact precautions may be necessary.

• Diverticular disease results from multiple diverticula that commonly develops in middle age.

  • Discovered during routine colonoscopy screening and is asymptomatic
  • Diverticulitis is an inflammatory complication with serious consequence
  • Most patients are treated with antibiotics and a clear liquid diet.
  • Monitor strict intake and output levels and antibiotics should be administered.
  • Standard precaution is applied.

• Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory disorder affecting the distal ileum and colon and results in the malabsorption of water and nutrients can cause imbalances

  • Anemia often occurs.
  • Monitoring intake and output and lab values may be needed
  • Standard Precautions.

• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) produces chronic, uncontrolled inflammation of the intestinal mucosa,

  • can cause edema, ulceration, bleeding, and profound fluid and electrolyte losses.
  • abdominal cramping, pain with diarrhea, nausea, dehydration, weight loss, cachexia, and anemia may occur
  • Monitor hemoglobin levels with intake and output.
  • Standard precautions are applied.

• COPD: Progressive airflow is limited.

  • Exposure to smoke, fuel, occupational dust, or fumes are risk factors.
  • Titrate supplemental oxygen to improve hypoxemia.
  • An arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) goal of 88% to 92% in patients without complications
  • Intervention involves increasing the dose or frequency of a short-acting inhaled bronchodilator, such as the beta 2-agonist albuterol (Ventolin HFA).
  • Lung sounds should be auscultated and monitor for breath shortness.
  • Standard precautions are used.

• Acute pancreatitis causes acute inflammation and abdominal pain

  • Place patient on NPO
  • Administer administration of parenteral nutrition
  • insert nasogastric tube to suction
  • Remove hydrochloric acid to decrease abdominal distention and vomiting
  • Standard Precautions.

• Cushing's disease is initiated by formation of pituitary microadenoma

  • A tumor less than 10mm.
  • Strict monitoring of intake and output.
  • Daily body weight checks for transient diabetes, hypotension or shock.
  • Observe large volumes of dilute urine output.
  • Headaches may indicate an increase in ICP so monitor neurologic status, pupillary response, and consciousness levels.
  • It's a standard precaution when immunocompromised such as neutropenic precautions.

• Addison's disease is primary adrenal cortical insufficiency.

  • Follow the "5 S's" management; salt, sugar, steriod replacement, support physiologic functions, search and treat.
  • Standard precautions are necessary

• Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease affecting the pancreas and use of insulin.

  • Type 1: A lack of Insulin
  • TYpe 2: an ineffective use of insulin.
  • Administer regular insulin by intermittent or continuous IV method.
  • Observe LOC, skin (cold, clammy), rapid pulse, hunger, irritability, anxiety, headache, shakiness due to Hypoglycemia.
  • Standard precautions are necessary

• Diabetes insipidus (DI) a condition which causes increased urinary output, which cause fluid and electrolyte imbalance due to a reduction of ADH

  • Monitor lab values and intake and output as sodium levels are limited to 3 g per day.
  • Hypotonic saline can be used.
  • Standard precautions are necessary

• Heart failure causes pumping insufficiency to meet the body's need.

  • Monitor; patient's pulse rate and Blood pressure for postural hypotension and dehydration.
  • Note; number of patients use at night to facilitate breathing.
  • Standard precautions are necessary.

• Urinary tract infection (UTI) effects kidney function due to lack of proper hygiene and proper function of indwelling catheters. Pyelonephritis: inflames kidney tissue.

  • Prescribe Administer oral of IV antibiotics and monitor for infection.
  • Confusion in the elderly needs to be assessed for too.
  • Standard precautions.

• Asthma: Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airway

  • Results: airway hyper responsiveness, mucus hypersecretion & reversible airflow limitation.
  • Maintain patient Airway, Breathing, Circulation.
  • Monitors; VS and support the patient.
  • Prescribe; systemic corticosteriods such as Prednisone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, and dexamethasone for 3 - 10 days.

• Coronary artery disease's plaque within the coronary arteries thicken and enlarge.

  • Monitor for chest pain.
  • Administer antianginal medications
  • Monitor Blood pressure, Heart Rate.
  • Prepare patient for surgical intervention
  • Standard precautions are necessary

• Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) is an impairment of blood circulations to one or more blood vessels of the brain.

  • Hemorrhage from vessel wall.
  • Vessel lumen occlusion.
  • Monitor neurological status.
  • Monitor vital signs and level pressure.
  • Standard precautions are necessary

• Kidney disease and End Stage Renal Disease cause a loss of kidney function, resulting in a lack of excretion or proper excess electrolyte fill out in the blood.

  • Monitor electrolyte values, particularly potassium, sodium, BUN, and creatinine.
  • Monitor blood pressure, give medications.
  • Standard precautions are necessary.

• Hepatic encephalopathy is a loss of brain function, caused by a liver’s inability to remove toxins from the blood.

  • Monitor ammonia levels and level of consciousness.
  • Standard precautions are necessary

• Hypertension characterized as abnormal blood pressure readings.

  • Control with diet and medications.
  • Monitor blood pressure frequently.
  • Asymptomatic, administer medications, education for signs symptoms of stroke.
  • Standard precautions are necessary

• Hypothyroidism is when gland do not produce high thyroid hormone.

  • Monitor labs for FreeT3, T4, and TSH levels, then administer oral medication like Synthroid may occur.
  • Symptoms; weight gain, fatigue and constipation.

• Standard precautions are necessary

• Hyperthyroidism occurs from thyroid Overproduction.

  • Monitor labs for FreeT3, T4, and TSH levels and Administer oral of medication like Tapazole to prevent tachycardia.
  • Monitor for diarrhea, and complications of Grave disease
  • Standard precautions are necessary

• Sickle cell anemia stops red blood cells to carry oxygen with "sickle" shape.

  • Pain control management.
  • Administer oxygen
  • Blood transfusions are needed

• Abdominal Aneurysm occur when An abdominal aortic aneurysm is an enlarged area in the lower part of the aorta.

  • Monitor the Rupture of aorta.
  • Prepare for surgery along with at least 8 hours of NPO

• Patient consent is needed.

_ Renal failure; an inadequate waste filter can come in sudden acute with reversibility.

• Monitor kidney function(BUN, Creatine)
• Monitor output often.
• Precautions Standard are taken.

Pernicious Anemia comes with vitamin B12 can't absorbed because the body is with out intrinsic factors.

• Some procedures can stop B12 absorption.
• Example: Gastrectomy, the removal of part of the stomach increases Risk of developing vitamin B12 and deficiency.
• Monitor blood count levels and administering B12 injection
• Precautions take place Standard.
• Liver cirrhosis is a reoccurring condition with tissue replacement and dysfunction
  • Alcoholic: portal area scars due long Alchohol history.
  • Biliary cirrhosis: liver occurs with bile duct scare and usually happens from obstruction and Cholangitis, less typical than Alcohol types
  • Post necrotic comes with the bands of scare from acute/drug virus Hepatitis/ necrosis Monitor vitamin and fluid and electrolytes and give administer them.

Myasthenia gravis has autoimmune neuromuscular disease

• Vary level of Skeletal with a treatment plan, that have I.V
• Immunoglobulin , corticosteriod for muscle production, plasmaparesis monitor breathing pattern and functional level. Precautions and needs standard.

Nursing Procedures You Must Know

• Chest Tube: Use closed chest drainage, observe for leaks and measure output of repertory status, assess dressing

  • Doctor need to give transport and ambulation orders. When air is leaking during Clamping from tube, this pneumothorax will be increases. -Water seal water level is to have 2 cm.
  • Monitor for leaks, kinks, bleeding.

• Blood transfusion happens give blood products with saline.

  • Give blood products documents.
  • Monitor patience with all administration policies.

• Thoracentesis: Needle is inserted with back of chest into interreal and remove fluid or air using.

  • Check consent and follow procedure to help with bleeding and cough.

• Aseptic technique and hygiene is use for urinary and catheter insertion.

• Monitor urine is to have odors and sedimentation signs and needs hand hygiene to take place.

• Feed the patient that nasogastric with suction;check for abdomen bowls and documen the position

• Paracentesis happens with fluid has collects in a region and to be cancer or Cirrhosis.

• the the needle will takes fluid out and is study with doctor to built path of the buildup

Contact Precautions

• Before touching a patient, perform had hygiene and wear gloves

• Be aware of patient surroundings.

• Take soap and water to wash hands with signs of soiled or possible norovirus or difficile on patient is being handled.

• Airborne precautions occurs with infections and airborne patients.

  • measles and chickens

• For airborne put patient on isolation rooms and the nurse is to use fit disposable level that is used all time and wear gloves.

• Droplet can come from virus, RSV, pertussis and can be use procedure the mask and use gown and goggles to avoid spitting and coughing.

• Take infection isolation room with negative flow is to have use with tuberculosis cases.

Fluid & Electrolyte Balance

• Fluid levels from very small in the body contain 3 compartments.

  • Fluid is always in a cell, cells surroundings the is. Blood.
  • The sodium is low to not have fluid.
  • Diuretics often cause with kidney and also will make it failure and can. Have Cirrus

• hypernatremia is to get the body the needed amount sodium.

  • dehydration , kidney, diarrhea , diuretic dysfunction can occur. Potassium causes muscles feel weak and cramps.
  • potassium levels is too elevated.
  • cause decrease in kidney functions and medicine problems such as.

• magnesium is low causes nerve and bone issues

  • can take I.V magnesium and can have problems such as torsades
  • Hypermagnesemia is higher with magnesium levels and is in the bone. This will can lead to breathing and is pressure.

• Hypocalcemia can make urine but can stop calcium to go to the body

  • low calcium can be confuse and tingling/muscle cramps.

• Hyper calcimia that is too high can be a tumor like the parathyroid with the bone and cancer.

  • Check muscle and urine functions then give. I.V and Calistonin is to give steroids.

• Isotonic solution happens with having dissolve part with plasma

  • I.V like dextrose and the ringers.
    • High sodium to check and cause it to work well and prevent overload of fluids.

• lactated provides adaptation so to help in this solution is in fire line with to burn wound trauma problems.

• dextrose is used for hyper Na because it dilutes the salt. Hyroponic have the lower and more Electrolytes- infuses fluid with to shift I.V-into the vessels

Rules

• Rule of nines helps with the percentage of burn. Help treatment and is to add guidelines of transfer burn patients and using multiplier with and adult.

MONA

• MONA is to aide to keep the original care that is having with with acute -use it to make sure to keep right levels and order. M stands for morphine and that is happen when nitro is not helping.
• Give O for the decrease flow. Add O2
• N for the nitro help chest by adding workload into dilating and giving in 3 subs for at least five minutes.

A is aspirin and this helps with platelet flow

RICE: for soft and bone injuries. R: reduce injury area 48 hours I: use a bag of ice and for at-least couple times for 20 minutes wrapped in a clothe Compression of the is injury area And elevator help with pillow above heard with elevator.

ABGs

• Use these all time to help range of elements check pH balance and 7.35 below is has alkalosis and if it elevated past that is acidic Respitory: Pa C0 is lower or over the. 45 And look at results.