Pharmacology CNS & ANS Quiz - Unit 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?

  • To protect neurons from damage
  • To transmit electrical impulses directly
  • To provide energy for the neurons
  • To facilitate the conduction of nerve impulses (correct)

How does the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) affect drug treatment for brain-related disorders?

  • It enhances drug absorption in the brain
  • It acts as a stimulant for neurotransmitter release
  • It prevents most drugs from entering the brain (correct)
  • It ensures all drugs reach the brain effectively

Which condition is characterized by extreme sadness and hopelessness?

  • Mania
  • Anxiety
  • Schizophrenia
  • Depression (correct)

What primarily triggers an action potential in a neuron?

<p>Changes in the membrane potential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a seizure in the context of nerve impulses?

<p>Excessive impulse transmission in the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does palliative treatment aim to achieve?

<p>Control symptoms and improve quality of life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common psychotic disorder that affects social functioning?

<p>Schizophrenia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What degenerative disease is associated with a lack of dopamine?

<p>Parkinson's Disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is primarily associated with typical antipsychotic drugs?

<p>Extra pyramidal symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored to check for signs of bone marrow suppression in patients taking antipsychotic drugs?

<p>Complete blood count (CBC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing consideration is essential to prevent discomfort from dyskinesia?

<p>Provide positioning of legs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does lithium affect sodium transport in bipolar disorder management?

<p>It alters sodium transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions may lead to increased serum levels of lithium?

<p>Sodium depletion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of effects are associated with the anti-cholinergic properties of antipsychotic drugs?

<p>Urinary retention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should patients not be allowed to crush or chew antipsychotic tablets?

<p>It decreases absorption of the drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse respiratory reaction may occur as a side effect of antipsychotic medication?

<p>Dyspnea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common indications for the use of SSRIs?

<p>Depression and Obsessive Compulsive Disorders (OCD) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effects can be associated with SSRIs?

<p>CNS effects such as headache and insomnia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the pharmacokinetics of SSRIs?

<p>They are well absorbed in the GIT and metabolized in the liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group should be cautioned against using SSRIs?

<p>Patients allergic to SSRIs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended nursing consideration for patients taking SSRIs?

<p>Monitor liver function regularly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What clinical manifestations are associated with schizophrenia?

<p>Delusions and hallucinations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For what psychological condition is mania primarily associated?

<p>Bipolar disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored when administering SSRIs to a patient?

<p>Blood pressure and orthostatic changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected effect when alpha 1 receptors are blocked?

<p>Pupillary constriction (C), Vasodilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adrenergic receptor, when stimulated, will primarily increase heart rate?

<p>Beta 1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect would you expect if beta 2 receptors are blocked?

<p>Bronchoconstriction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What class of drugs stimulates both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors?

<p>Sympathomimetic drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for using adrenergic agonist drugs?

<p>Pheochromocytoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is commonly associated with sympathomimetic drugs?

<p>Urinary retention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is commonly indicated for the treatment of shock and cardiac arrest?

<p>Epinephrine (A), Norepinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are sympathomimetic drugs absorbed and metabolized?

<p>Rapidly and liver metabolized (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of dopaminergic drugs?

<p>To increase the effects of dopamine at the receptor sites (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is contraindicated for the use of dopaminergic drugs?

<p>Glaucoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is associated with dopaminergic drugs?

<p>Constipation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is carbidopa combined with levodopa in treating Parkinson's disease?

<p>To inhibit the enzyme dopa decarboxylase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is used alongside levodopa for better efficacy in treating Parkinson’s disease?

<p>Sinemet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the effect of dopaminergic drugs be decreased when combined with other substances?

<p>By combining with Vitamin B6 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does levodopa convert into after crossing the blood-brain barrier?

<p>Dopamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does dopamine receptor stimulation have on patients with cardiac issues?

<p>Potential exacerbation of the condition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Mono Amine Oxidase (MAO) in neurotransmitter regulation?

<p>To remove neurotransmitters from the synapse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the potential causes of decreased neurotransmitters in the limbic system?

<p>Overuse of neurotransmitters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary therapeutic action of antidepressant drugs?

<p>To inhibit reuptake of neurotransmitters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antidepressants specifically inhibits presynaptic reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin?

<p>Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what time frame do drugs for hypertension typically achieve their therapeutic effect?

<p>2-4 weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the pharmacokinetics of Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)?

<p>Absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and peak in 2-4 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What precaution should be taken when prescribing Tricyclic Antidepressants to patients?

<p>Caution in clients with hepatic and renal impairment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could result from an increased effect of Mono Amine Oxidase (MAO)?

<p>Decreased neurotransmitter availability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Action Potential

Rapid change in membrane potential, transmitting nerve impulses.

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals transmitting impulses between neurons.

Blood Brain Barrier

Protective structure blocking many chemicals from reaching the brain.

Synaptic Transmission

Impulse conduction across neuron junctions using chemicals.

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Parkinson's Disease

Nervous system disorder caused by lack of dopamine.

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Anxiety

Feeling of fear, tension, or apprehension from known or unknown reasons.

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Depression

Mood disorder marked by extreme sadness and hopelessness.

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Palleative Treatment

Treatment focusing on controlling disease symptoms, not curing.

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Neurotransmitter Removal

Neurotransmitters are removed from the synapse by enzymes or reuptake.

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Reuptake

Neurotransmitters returning to the presynaptic neuron.

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Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

Enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters in the synapse.

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Depression's Cause (Possible)

Potentially caused by decreased neurotransmitters in the limbic system, possibly due to overused neurotransmitters, increased MAO activity, or increased neurotransmitter reuptake.

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Antidepressant Drugs - Mechanism

Drugs that work by inhibiting MAO enzymes or blocking neurotransmitter reuptake to increase neurotransmitter levels.

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Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)

Antidepressants that inhibit neurotransmitter reuptake, leading to increased neurotransmitters available at the synapse.

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Pharmacokinetics TCAs

TCAs are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract; peak level around 2-4 hours after intake, widely distributed, metabolized by liver and excreted in urine. Crosses placenta and breast milk

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TCA Contraindications/Cautions

Contraindicated in known allergies to TCAs. Caution used in recent myocardial infarction, GI/GU disorders, and hepatic/renal impairment due to increased toxicity.

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SSRIs adverse effects

SSRIs generally have fewer adverse effects compared to TCAs and MAOIs.

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SSRI indications

SSRIs are used to treat depression, OCD, panic attacks, bulimia, and PTSD.

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SSRI pharmacokinetics

SSRIs are absorbed in the digestive tract, metabolized by the liver, and excreted in urine or feces.

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SSRI safety concerns

SSRIs can cause congenital abnormalities if taken during pregnancy or while breastfeeding, and patients with allergies should avoid them.

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Nursing considerations (SSRIs)

Nurses should limit access for suicidal patients, monitor for effectiveness over 2-4 weeks, closely monitor blood pressure, liver function, manage potential hypertensive crises, and provide patient support.

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Schizophrenia symptoms

Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, speech abnormalities, and affective problems that interfere with daily functioning.

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Mania and Bipolar disorder

Mania is associated with episodes of elevated mood, energy, and activity, typically seen in bipolar disorder.

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Psychotic Disorders

A broad category of disorders characterized by a loss of contact with reality, and schizophrenia is one of the common type.

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Antipsychotic adverse effects

Unwanted side effects of antipsychotic drugs, more common in typical antipsychotics.

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Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS)

Disorders affecting muscle movement, like Parkinson's-like syndrome, dystonia, and akathisia. Tardive dyskinesia is a more involved movement disorder.

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Lithium Mechanism

Lithium affects sodium transport, slightly inhibits dopamine/norepinephrine release, and modulates impulses.

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Lithium Pharmacokinetics

Lithium is absorbed in the gut, crosses the blood-brain barrier, and is affected by hydration and sodium levels, hence affecting placental/breastmilk transfer.

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Antipsychotic Nursing Considerations

Instructions and actions nurses take to help manage side effects of antipsychotic drugs.

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Lithium Toxicity

Increased lithium levels in the blood, often caused by dehydration or low sodium, creating potentially dangerous symptoms.

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Antipsychotic Drug Absorption

The process of the drug entering your body and getting prepared for its action (not getting absorbed by the body).

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Antipsychotic side effect: Respiratory Distress

Problems breathing, from laryngospasm (throat muscles tightening) to bronchospasm (airways tightening) and dyspnea (shortness of breath).

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Dopaminergic Drugs

Drugs increasing dopamine's effect at receptor sites, potentially by increasing dopamine levels or directly stimulating receptors.

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Levodopa

Dopamine precursor; crosses the blood-brain barrier to replace lost dopamine.

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Carbidopa

Drug inhibiting dopa decarboxylase, allowing more levodopa to cross the blood-brain barrier.

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Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

Protective barrier preventing many substances from entering the brain.

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Parkinson's Disease

Neurological disorder resulting from dopamine deficiency.

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Drug Interactions (Dopaminergic)

Combined use of dopaminergic drugs with MAOIs may lead to heightened blood pressure; combinations with levodopa can interact with vitamin B6 or phenytoin.

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Adverse Effects (Dopaminergic)

Possible side effects include anxiety, nausea, cardiac issues, and mental changes, among others.

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Pharmacokinetics (Dopaminergic)

Drugs absorbed, metabolized (liver), and excreted (urine); cross placenta/breast milk.

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Alpha 1 receptor stimulation effect

Causes vasoconstriction, pupil dilation, and urinary retention by closing the bladder sphincter.

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Alpha 2 receptor stimulation effect

Decreases norepinephrine flow from the CNS to SNS, reducing sympathetic responses.

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Beta 1 receptor stimulation effect

Increases heart rate.

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Beta 2 receptor stimulation effect

Causes bronchodilation (widening of airways).

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Alpha and Beta adrenergic drugs (Sympathomimetic drugs)

Stimulate all adrenergic receptors to enhance their effects, like those in blood vessels, heart, and lungs.

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Pharmacokinetics (adrenergic agonist drugs)

Rapidly absorbed, metabolized in the liver, and excreted in urine.

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Alpha-specific adrenergic agonist effect

Stimulates only alpha receptors, not beta receptors.

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Adrenergic agonist drug contraindications

Avoid use in individuals with allergies to the drug, or pheochromocytoma (due to potential exacerbation of symptoms).

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Study Notes

Pharmacology Course Notes

  • Course Topic: Drugs Affecting the Body System and Nursing Considerations: CNS & ANS
  • Course Unit: 1
  • Week: 5
  • Learning Objectives: At the end of the unit, learners will be able to review anatomy and physiology of the Nervous System, understand basic concepts of diseases affecting the Central and Autonomic Nervous Systems, classify neurotransmitters, understand impulse transmission and pharmacodynamics of drugs affecting the nervous system, identify classifications of CNS and ANS drugs, describe specific actions and adverse effects, and understand the pharmacokinetics of drugs affecting the nervous system.
  • Checklist: Read course and unit objectives, study guide before class, required reading materials and terminologies, participate in classroom discussions and discussion boards (Canvas), answer and submit course unit tasks.
  • Learning Objectives (Cognitive): Review anatomy and physiology of the nervous system, understand basic concepts of diseases affecting the central and autonomic nervous systems, classify neurotransmitters, comprehend basic impulse transmission, and identify classifications of drugs affecting the CNS and ANS.

Terminologies

  • Action Potential: Rapid change in the membrane potential explaining how impulses are conducted.
  • Anxiety: Feeling of fear, tension or apprehension.
  • Depression: Affective disorder characterized by extreme sadness, hopelessness and disorganization.
  • Mania: Characterized by extreme overactivity and excitement.
  • Neurotransmitters: Chemicals in the nervous system aiding in impulse transmission.
  • Palliative Treatment: Controlling signs and symptoms of disease.
  • Parkinson's Disease: Degenerative nervous system disease.
  • Schizophrenia: Psychotic disorder causing impairment in functioning.
  • Seizure: Abnormal and excessive impulse transmission in the brain.
  • Synaptic Transmission: Conduction of impulses across junctions between neurons.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

  • Brain & Spinal Cord: Vital structures with protective mechanisms (BBB) affecting drug penetration.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  • Autonomic & Somatic Nervous Systems: Impulses via chemical neurotransmitters with specific receptors for drug action (stimulate/block receptors).
  • Action Potential: Neuron communication via rapid change in membrane potential (Na+ in, K+ out), driven by ion channels.
  • Drug Actions & Disease: Drugs manipulate nervous system function to treat diseases.

Required Reading

  • Karch, A.M. (2019). Focus on Nursing Pharmacology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Chapters on Drugs affecting CNS and ANS.

Drugs for Anxiety

  • Barbiturates: Powerful CNS depressants and widely used; now less frequently for anxiety.
  • Benzodiazepines: Enhance GABA effect (inhibitory neurotransmitter), managing anxiety; safer than barbiturates.

Antidepressant Drugs

  • Biogenic Amine Theory: Explains depression as low levels of neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine).
  • MAO Inhibitors: Increase neurotransmitters by inhibiting the enzyme Monoamine Oxidase.
  • Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs): Inhibit neurotransmitter reuptake, increasing neurotransmitter levels.

Antipsychotic Drugs

  • Mechanisms of Action: Block dopamine receptors, reducing psychotic symptoms.
  • Types: Typical and atypical; atypical target different receptors.
  • Examples: Chlorpromazine, Fluphenazine

Anti-Seizure Drugs

  • Mechanisms of Action: Suppressing sodium influx/depolarization, calcium influx, and increasing GABA action.

Anti-Parkinson's Drugs

  • Mechanisms of Action: Balance of neurotransmitters (dopamine and acetylcholine) to control symptoms.
  • Types: Dopaminergic and anticholinergic drugs.

Anti-Manic Drugs

  • Mechanism of Action: Lithium alters sodium transport, impacting norepinephrine and dopamine levels.

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01 PH Course Unit 5 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on drugs affecting the Central and Autonomic Nervous Systems in this quiz designed for Pharmacology Course Unit 1. This assessment covers anatomy, physiology, classifications, and pharmacodynamics of relevant drugs. Prepare to apply your understanding of nursing considerations in pharmacology.

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